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PSYCH 10 > Neuroscience > Flashcards

Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

forebrain

A

top part of the brain

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2
Q

midbrain

A

middle of the brain

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3
Q

hindbrain

A

lower part of the brain

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4
Q

cerebral cortex (cortical structures)

A

the outer surface of the brain associated with higher level processing

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5
Q

frontal lobe

A

involved in high-order cognitive planning, decision making, and impulse control

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6
Q

motor cortex

A

structure in the frontal lobe involved with planning and coordinating movement

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7
Q

pre-frontal cortex

A

structure in the frontal lobe involved with higher-level cognitive functioning

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8
Q

parietal lobe

A

processes sensory information

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9
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

structure in the parietal lobe that processes information from sensory receptors

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10
Q

temporal lobe

A

responsible for hearing, memory, emotion, and language

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11
Q

auditory cortex

A

structure in the temporal lobe that processes auditory information

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12
Q

occipital lobe

A

processes visual information

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13
Q

primary visual cortex

A

structure in the occipital lobe that interprets incoming visual information

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14
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

divides each hemisphere of the brain

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15
Q

corpus callosum

A

bundle of fibers that connect the two hemispheres and allow them to communicate

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16
Q

gyri

A

patterns of folds or bumps

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17
Q

sulci

A

grooves

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18
Q

Broca’s area

A

responsible for language production

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19
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

responsible for speech comprehension

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20
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

loss of ability to produce speech and language

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21
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

loss of ability to understand incoming speech

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22
Q

What are the four main indicators of Broca’s aphasia?

A
  1. halting speech
  2. repetition of phrases
  3. disordered grammar and syntax
  4. comprehension intact
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23
Q

What are the four main indicators of Wernicke’s aphasia?

A
  1. fluent speech
  2. little spontaneous repetition
  3. adequate grammar and syntax
  4. comprehension not intact
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24
Q

subcortical structures

A

structures that lie below the cerebral cortex

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25
thalamus
sensory relay station of the brain where senses are routed before being sent to processing areas
26
hypothalamus
regulates homeostatic processes and responsible for the 4 F's
27
What are the four F's that the hypothalamus controls?
fighting, feeding, fleeing, f*cking
28
amygdala
plays a role in emotional processes and ties emotional meaning to memories
29
hippocampus
essential structure for learning and memory
30
anterograde
difficulty forming new memories
31
retrograde
difficulty remembering old memories
32
basal ganglia
responsible for intentional movement
33
Parkinson's disease
motor movement disorder
34
tegmentum/tectum
orients body movement in response to stimuli
35
cerebellum
involved in motor coordination, control, and balance
36
medulla
coordinates life-sustaining functions (i.e. heart rate, circulation, respiration)
37
reticular formation
regulates sleep, wakefulness, and arousal
38
pons
connects the brain and spinal cord involved with regulating brain activity during sleep and relaying information from the cerebellum
39
What is the left hemisphere dominant for?
speech and language
40
What is the right hemisphere dominant for?
motor functions
41
contralateral organization
right hemisphere controls left side of body left hemisphere controls right side of body
42
If a split brain patient sees "ring" on their right visual field, what will they do?
say "ring"
43
If a split brain patient sees "key" on their left visual field, what will they do?
draw a key
44
neurons
cells that specialize in receiving and transmitting information throughout the brain and nervous system
45
cell body (soma)
contains the nucleus
46
dendrites
finger-like projections that receive information from other neurons and relay to the cell body
47
axon
long, slender projection that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body
48
myelin sheath
fatty protective sheath that insulates axons and increases speed and efficiency of neural communication
49
axon terminal
where the axon ends and where communication with other neurons occurs
50
multiple sclerosis
an autoimmune disorder that involves a large-scale loss of the myelin sheath on axons
51
action potential
an electrical signal that is conducted along the length of a neuron's axon to the synapse
52
True or False: An action potential is an all-or-none phenomena.
True
53
resting potential
-70 mV
54
During resting potential, which is more positively charged? (more Na+ than Cl-)
outside
55
During resting potential, which is more negatively charged? (more A- than K+)
inside
56
depolarization
neuron becomes more positive
57
peak membrane potential
+30 mV
58
What happens during depolarization?
sodium channels open and Na+ ions rush into the neuron
59
repolarization
neuron becomes more negative
60
What happens during repolarization?
sodium channels close and K+ ions rush out the neuron
61
What is the threshold of excitation?
-55 mV
62
synapse
the region between the axon of the presynaptic cell and the dendrite of the postsynaptic cell where information is transmitted from one cell to another
63
Where are neurotransmitters housed?
synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals
64
What is the process of transmission across the synapse?
action potential → reaches axon terminals → neurotransmitters in synaptic vesicles are released
65
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that carry impulses to another cell
66
excitatory neurotransmitters
increase the likelihood of an action potential (more + membrane potential)
67
inhibitory neurotransmitters
decrease the likelihood of an action potential (more - membrane potential)
68
True or False: Transmission across the synapse is an all-or-none phenomenon.
False It is a graded phenomenon; neuron will only fire if pushed past the firing threshold (-55 mV)
69
acetylcholine
important transmitter between motor neurons and voluntary muscles
70
serotonin
plays a primary role in regulating sleep, wakefulness, and eating behavior
71
dopamine
regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal
72
What leads to Parkinson's disease?
the degeneration of dopamine
73
agonist
chemical that enhances or mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
74
antagonist
chemical that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter
75
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imagining
produces high-quality still images of the brain
76
fMRI Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
used to examine ongoing brain activity and change over time
77
Which brain imaging technique is best for determining location?
fMRI
78
EEG Electrocephalography
direct measure of neural electrical activity
79
Which brain imaging technique is best for determining timing?
EEG

PSYCH 10 (12 decks)

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