Learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

any experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

associative learning

Question 3

Who coined classical conditioning?

Answer 3

Ivan Pavlov

Question 4

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 4

stimulus that does not give a response

Question 5

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 5

stimulus that naturally causes a response

Question 6

unconditioned response

Answer 6

response that naturally occurs as a result of an unconditioned sitmulus

Question 7

conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

a formerly neutral stimulus that triggers the unconditioned response

Question 8

conditioned response

Answer 8

a formerly unconditioned response that is triggered by a conditioned stimulus

Question 9

before conditioning

Answer 9

NS → no response
US → UR

Question 10

during conditioning
(acquisition)

Answer 10

NS + US → UR

Question 11

after conditioning

Answer 11

CS → CR

Question 12

True or False:
the more times the two stimuli are paired, the stronger the acquisition

Answer 12

True

Question 13

second-order conditioning

Answer 13

taking a conditioned stimulus and pairing it with another neutral stimulus to result in the same conditioned response

Question 14

process of second-order conditioning

Answer 14

CS → CR
CS + NS → CR
CS #2 → CR

Question 15

extinction

Answer 15

when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US and the learned response is eliminated

Question 16

spontaneous recovery

Answer 16

when a response is re-learned

Question 17

generalization

Answer 17

when similar stimuli elicit the same conditioned response

different bell tones still produce salivation

Question 18

discrimination

Answer 18

ability to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

dog shows less salivation to a different bell tone

Question 19

discrimination

Answer 19

ability to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

dog shows less salivation to a different bell tone

Question 20

What two things affect classical conditioning?

Answer 20

1. evolutionary preparedness
2. familiarity/expectations

Question 21

operant conditioning

Answer 21

learning that results from rewarded behavior

Question 22

Who coined operant conditioning?

Answer 22

B.F. Skinner

Question 23

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Answer 23

behaviors with favorable consequences become more likely
behaviors with unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 24

positive reinforcement

Answer 24

adding a favorable consequence to increase behavior

getting a cookie for eating veggies

Question 25

negative reinforcement

Answer 25

removing an unfavorable consequence to increase behavior | lowering insurance rates for safe driving

Question 26

positive punishment

Answer 26

adding an unfavorable consequence to decrease behavior | getting a ticket for speeding

Question 27

negative punishment

Answer 27

removing a favorable consequence to decrease behavior | no video games because of bad grades

Question 28

negative punishment

Answer 28

removing a favorable consequence to decrease behavior | no video games because of bad grades

Question 29

shaping

Answer 29

rewarding all the successful approximations and tiny steps leading up to the target behavior

Question 30

observational learning

Answer 30

an organism learns by watching others

Question 31

partial/intermittent reinforcement

Answer 31

behaviors are not awarded every time

Question 32

continuous reinforcement

Answer 32

behaviors awarded every time

Question 33

Which reinforcement schedule resists extinction longer?

Answer 33

partial/intermittent reinforcement

Question 34

fixed ratio

Answer 34

reward after a given number of behaviors | earning a bonus for every 5 cars sold

Question 35

variable ratio

Answer 35

reward after an average number of behaviors | slot machine

Question 36

fixed interval

Answer 36

reward after a given amount of time | paycheck every 2 weeks

Question 37

variable interval

Answer 37

reward after an average amount of time | response to an email

Question 38

What is the trend of ratio schedules?

Answer 38

high response rates

Question 39

What is the trend of fixed interval schedule?

Answer 39

inconsistency

Question 40

What is the trend of variable interval?

Answer 40

steady response

Question 41

Which reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?

Answer 41

variable ratio

Question 42

Which psychologist supported the nativist theory of language?

Answer 42

Noam Chomsky