Memory

Question 1

encoding

Answer 1

the process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into a memory

Question 2

storage

Answer 2

the information that is encoded is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved

Question 3

retrieval

Answer 3

the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

Question 4

What is the shallowest level of processing?

Answer 4

physical

Question 5

What is the deepest level of processing?

Answer 5

semantic

Question 6

physical processing

Answer 6

characteristics of the word

Question 7

acoustic

Answer 7

verbal cues of the word

Question 8

semantic

Answer 8

meaning of the word

Question 9

mnemonics

Answer 9

strategies for remembering large amounts of information

Question 10

What is the first memory store in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

Answer 10

sensory store

Question 11

sensory store

Answer 11

accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time

Question 12

The sensory store is ____ capacity, ____ time

Answer 12

high, low

Question 13

echoic memory

Answer 13

auditory sense held in sensory memory store

Question 14

iconic memory

Answer 14

visual sense held in sensory memory store

Question 15

What is the second memory store in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

Answer 15

short-term store

Question 16

short-term store

Answer 16

information transferred from the sensory store are held for a limited duration

Question 17

How long is information held in short-term memory?

Answer 17

15-30 seconds

Question 18

How much information can the short-term memory store?

Answer 18

7 ± 2

Question 19

How can information be kept longer in the short-term memory?

Answer 19

repetition

Question 20

chunking

Answer 20

information grouped into a meaningful unit

Question 21

working memory

Answer 21

a manipulation of information held in the short-term memory for a task that is being done

a more active interpretation of short-term memory

Question 22

phonological loop

Answer 22

auditory memory

ex: repeating a phone number to memorize it

Question 23

phonological loop

Answer 23

auditory memory

ex: repeating a phone number to memorize it

Question 24

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 24

visual memory

ex: doing long division in your head

Question 25

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 25

visual memory | ex: doing long division in your head

Question 26

episodic buffer

Answer 26

allows information to pass from the phonological loop to the visuospatial sketchpad

Question 27

central executive

Answer 27

memory "boss" that acts as the higher-control order of retention

Question 28

True or False: It is easy to retain two different kinds of information from the same stream (phonological loop or visuospatial sketchpad)

Answer 28

False

Question 29

long-term memory

Answer 29

any information that stays longer than short-term memory (longer than 20 seconds)

Question 30

True or False: While rehearsal is necessary to keep information in the short-term memory, long-term memory can persist over time without conscious activation.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

True or False: Memory is retrieved from the long-term memory store into the working memory for a task at hand.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

explicit (declarative) memory

Answer 32

memory that is expressed verbally and requires conscious awareness (ex. facts and events)

Question 33

episodic memory

Answer 33

a type of explicit memory that recalls a certain event or personal experience

Question 34

semantic memory

Answer 34

a type of explicit memory that involves facts and general knowledge

Question 35

True or False: People who have lost their episodic memory are still able to envision what they're going to do in the future.

Answer 35

False Episodic memory also accounts for prospective memory.

Question 36

True or False: Some memories can move from episodic to semantic.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

implicit (non-declarative) memory

Answer 37

memory that is expressed behaviorally and does not require conscious awareness (ex. muscle memory)

Question 38

procedural memory

Answer 38

a type of implicit memory that involves knowing how to do something

Question 39

priming memory

Answer 39

a type of implicit memory that involves exposure that influences behavior

Question 40

conditioning

Answer 40

a type of implicit memory that involves associative and reward-based learning

Question 41

primacy effect

Answer 41

more likely to remember an item in the beginning of a list

Question 42

In primacy effect, where is the memory stored?

Answer 42

long-term memory

Question 43

recency effect

Answer 43

more likely to remember an item at the end of a list

Question 44

In recency effect, where is the memory stored?

Answer 44

short-term memory

Question 45

True or False: Even if rehearsal is interrupted, the memory can still move from short-term to long-term.

Answer 45

false

Question 46

retrograde amnesia

Answer 46

cannot remember events prior to brain damage

Question 47

anterograde

Answer 47

cannot later remember events that occur after brain damage

Question 48

What kind of amnesia did patient HM have?

Answer 48

anterograde amnesia

Question 49

True or False: Patient HM was unable to form new explicit memories, but his implicit memory was intact.

Answer 49

true

Question 50

What happened when Patient HM performed the mirror tracing task?

Answer 50

Even when he didn't remember doing it the day prior, he still improved each day.

Question 51

What kind of amnesia did Patient KC have?

Answer 51

retrograde and anterograde amnesia

Question 52

Patient KC's ____ memories were intact, but not his ____ memories

Answer 52

semantic; episodic

Question 53

True or False: When you retrieve information from long-term memory, the memory itself cannot be modified.

Answer 53

False The memory CAN be modified.

Question 54

Retrieval depends on ____ that help bring information to mind.

Answer 54

context effects

Question 55

encoding specificity principle

Answer 55

the more similar the retrieval situation is to the encoding situation, the better the retrieval

Question 56

What happened in the scuba diver experiment?

Answer 56

learning and recalling in the same environment led to better retrieval, but doing so in opposite environments led to poor retrieval

Question 57

example of recall

Answer 57

* naming everything you need to buy at the market * short response or true/false questions

Question 58

example of recognition

Answer 58

* seeing a tomato at the market and deciding whether or not it was on your list * fill-in-the blank or multiple choice questions

Question 59

example of savings

Answer 59

learning something faster the second time around

Question 60

True or False: How we store our experiences in memory depends on our interpretations and expectations of them.

Answer 60

true

Question 61

schemas

Answer 61

organized knowledge structures or mental models that we've stored in our memory

Question 62

proactive interference

Answer 62

old learning interferes with new learning

Question 63

retroactive interference

Answer 63

new learning interferes with old learning

Question 64

blocking

Answer 64

failing to recall something, even when you know it ("tip of the tongue" phenomenon)

Question 65

What happened in the Loftus & Palmer study?

Answer 65

misinformation led to false memory * those who were asked how fast the cars going when they "smashed" together reported the highest speed * those who were asked how fast the cars going when they "contacted" together reported the lowest speed

Question 66

transcience

Answer 66

most forgetting happens fast

Question 67

What does the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm show?

Answer 67

a false memory can be developed through a critical lure | snooze, yawn, blanket --> sleep