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PSYC GRE from Kaplan > Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

father of developmental psychology

A

G. Stanley Hall

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2
Q

Arnold Gesell

A

nativist developmental psychologist; development is mostly biologically based and developmental blueprint exists from birth

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3
Q

What did Piaget think about developmental psychology?

A

children are actively involved in their own development

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4
Q

R. C. Tyron

A

tested rats on maze-running skills, divided into three groups based on skill level, bred them to create hyper maze bright rats and hyper maze dull rats

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5
Q

Lewis Terman

A

studied children with high IQs; large scale longitudinal study

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6
Q

phenylketonuria

A

genetic disorder resulting when enzyme needed to digest phenylalanine is lacking

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7
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

possession of an extra C chromosome in males; causes sterility and intellectual disability

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8
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

only one X chromosome in females; failure to develop secondary sex characteristics

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9
Q

stages of prenatal development

A

zygote, germinal period (implantation), embyonic period (eight weeks after germinal), fetal (3rd month)

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10
Q

rooting reflex

A

infants turn when cheek is stroked

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11
Q

Moro reflex

A

infants react to abrupt movements of their head by flinging out their arms

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12
Q

Babinski reflex

A

infants’ toes automatically spread apart when the soles of their feet are stimulated

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13
Q

grasping reflex

A

infants automatically close their fingers around objects placed in their hands

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14
Q

What are some key ideas that Piaget came up with?

A

schemata, adaptation (assimilation and accommodation), four stages of cognitive development

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15
Q

schemata

A

organized patterns of behaviour and or thought. Infants develop behavioural schemata (action tendencies: and older children develop operational schemata (abstract representation of cognition)

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16
Q

assimilation

A

process of interpreting new information in terms of existing schemata

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17
Q

accommodation

A

occurs when new information doesn’t fit into existing schemata so existing schemata need to be modified to adapt to new information

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18
Q

stages of cognitive development in order

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

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19
Q

sensorimotor

A

birth to 2 years old; primary and secondary circular reactions; no object permanence

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20
Q

preoperational

A

2 to 7 years; object permanence achieved; centration (focus on only one part of a phenomenon); egocentrism (no theory of mind); no conservation

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21
Q

concrete operational

A

7 to 11 years; conservation achieved; formal operations (form hypotheses and make deductions)

22
Q

What did Piaget say about language?

A

how we use it depends on which cognitive stage we are in - development of thought directs development of language

23
Q

criticism of Piaget

A

used case studies (clinical method)

24
Q

Leo Vygotsky

A

zone of proximal development; culture shapes development

25
Q

zone of proximal development

A

skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development

26
Q

four components of language

A

phonology, semantics, syntax, phonemes

27
Q

Lenneberg, Rebelsky, Nichols

A

all children begin to babble at the same time, but for deaf children they stop soon after they start and hearing children continue to babble until a year old

28
Q

holophrasis

A

stage when toddlers use a single word (holophrase) to express a complete thought

29
Q

errors of growth

A

children learn vocabulary rapidly, but they make more grammatical errors

30
Q

age when language is substantially mastered

A

5

31
Q

Chomsky

A

transformational grammar; language acquisition device

32
Q

critical vs. sensitive period of language development

A

it’s probably sensitive (case of abused girl Genier who had no contact from 2-13; able to learn some aspects of syntax but not others)

33
Q

Freud’s stages of psychosexual development in order

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

34
Q

Erik Erikson

A

psychosocial theory - development is a sequence of central life crises where development occurs through resolution of conflicts between needs and social demands

35
Q

Eight stages of Erik Erikson’s development theory

A

(1) trust vs. mistrust (1st year)
(2) autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1-3 years)
(3) initiative vs. guilt (3-6 years)
(4) industry vs. inferiority (6-12 years)
(5) identity vs. role confusion (adolescence)
(6) intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood)
(7) generativity vs. stagnation (middle age)
(8) integrity vs. despair (old age)

36
Q

features of temperament

A

somewhat heritable, emerges during infancy, stable over time pervasive across situations

37
Q

Thomas and Chess

A

three categories of temperament in babies: easy, slow to warm up, and difficult

38
Q

Jerome Kagan

A

temperament is strong predictor of adult behaviours

39
Q

Peter Wolff

A

three kinds of crying: basic cry (hungry), angry cry (frustration), pain cry

40
Q

Harlow

A

rhesus monkeys - babies preferred the cloth “mother” over the feeding mother

41
Q

Bowlby

A

attachment theory

42
Q

phases of attachment

A

(1) infant reacts the same to each face
(2) infant discriminates between familiar and unfamiliar faces
(3) 6 months - infant seeks out and responds specifically to mother
(4) 9 to 12 months - stranger anxiety
(5) 2nd year - separation anxiety (doesn’t like being away from mother
(6) 3rd year - separation anxiety resolved

43
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

strange situation procedure to examine attachment styles. identified insecure/avoidant attachment, secure attachment, insecure/resistant attachment

44
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

imprinting

45
Q

Kohlberg

A

three phases of moral development & three stages of self-socialization

46
Q

What are Kohlberg’s stages of moral development in order?

A

(1) preconventional morality (punishment and reward)
(2) conventional phase of morality (social rules)
(3) post conventional morality (social contract - greater good and universal ethics)

47
Q

Criticism of Kohlberg

A

Gilligan - males and females adopt different perspectives on moral issues. Kohlberg only studies males. Gilligan argued that females were concerned more with caring, compassion, relationships, and social responsibilities

48
Q

Kohlberg’s gender stages

A

(1) gender labeling; 2-3 years old; I am a girl/boy (2) gender stability; 3-4; I will be a girl/boy when older (3) gender consistency; 4-7; permanency of gender

49
Q

Martin & Halverson

A

gender schematic processing theory - once labeling occurs, child pay more attention to the gender they’ve labelled themselves as

50
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

parental style and discipline: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive

PSYC GRE from Kaplan (8 decks)

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