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PSYC GRE from Kaplan > Things You Got Wrong > Flashcards

Things You Got Wrong Flashcards

1
Q

Which therapies are associated with/based on classical conditioning?

A

flooding, implosion, systematic desensitization, and conditioned aversion

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2
Q

Which therapies are associated with/based on operant conditioning?

A

contingency management, behavioural contract, time-out, Premack principle

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3
Q

flooding

A

forcing client to directly experience the feared object

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4
Q

implosion

A

forcing the client to imagine the feared object

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5
Q

cognitive-physiological theory of emotion

A

physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an emotion

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6
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events

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7
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

physical and psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time and that one does not cause the other

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8
Q

Jung’s archetypes

A

anima, animus, persona, shadow

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9
Q

two-point threshold

A

amount of distance between two pins necessary for each to be perceived as a distinct sensation - just noticeable difference

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10
Q

congruence

A

Carl Rogers; goal of psychotherapy was congruence between who one is and one’s ego ideal

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11
Q

self-actualization, choice, peak experiences

A

Maslow

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12
Q

death wish

A

Freud; not supported by psychologists

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13
Q

nomothetic vs. idiographic approach to personality theory

A

Nomothetic is group and societal norms, idiographic is individual case studies (Allport)

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14
Q

Adler

A

need for superiority & inferiority complex

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15
Q

Bem

A

androgyny

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16
Q

Lewin

A

field theory; field dependence and field independence; personality can be divided dynamically into ever-changing regions so boundaries can be fluid or rigid

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17
Q

field dependence

A

more influenced by environmental factors and the perceptions of others

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18
Q

two-sided communication

A

communication that includes arguments both for and against a position

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19
Q

Type I error

A

rejection of a true null hypothesis

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20
Q

most sensitive to outliers

A

mean

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21
Q

telegraphic speech

A

children frequently omit words or word endings

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22
Q

four components of language

A

phonology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics

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23
Q

Hering

A

opponent process theory

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24
Q

Helmholtz

A

trichromatic theory as well as place theory

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25
Q

place theory

A

Helmholtz and Young

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26
Q

Kandel

A

study of aplysia, found that as they learned new behavioural responses, their neural pathways underwent related changes

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27
Q

left brain in right handed people

A

language comprehension and production, logic

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28
Q

right brain of right handed people

A

musical ability, spatial ability, mathematical and artistics abilities

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29
Q

rational emotive therapy

A

Albert Ellis; form of CBT

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30
Q

Winnicott

A

object relations therapy; centered around analyst or patient as an object

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31
Q

abreaction

A

Freudian term - uncovering and discharge of a repressed emotion

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32
Q

Wolpe

A

systematic desensitization

33
Q

von Frisch

A

honeybees

34
Q

equity theory

A

we expect to be rewarded for good behaviour and punished for poor or negligent behaviour

35
Q

techniques of Freudian therapy

A

free association, dream interpretation, analysis of transference, analysis of resistance

36
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

Fallopian tubes

37
Q

Oedipal conflict resolution

A

phallic stage

38
Q

social facilitation theory

A

Zajonc; learning a relatively easy task is enhanced when in the presence of others

39
Q

Guilford

A

divergent and convergent thinking

40
Q

Eysenck

A

dimensional approach to personality centering on variation along certain major traits: stability-instability and introversion-extroversion

41
Q

Mischel

A

critic of trait theories as they don’t take into account situations

42
Q

Ainsworth types of attachment

A

secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant

43
Q

tendency to attribute one’s feelings and thoughts to an external object

A

projection

44
Q

What kind of stimuli increase conformity?

A

ambiguous

45
Q

main thing to remember about Piaget and intelligence

A

assimilation and accommodation are necessary for development of intelligence

46
Q

Emmett’s Law

A

the farther away the object, the more the scaling device in the brain will compensate for its retinal size by enlarging our perception of the object

47
Q

concurrent validity

A

criterion measure is obtained at about the same time as the test score

48
Q

primary process

A

forming a mental image of the desired object in order to satisfy the desire for that object; works to resolve tension created by the pleasure principle

49
Q

subjective properties of sound

A

loudness, pitch, timbre

50
Q

physical properties of sound

A

frequency, amplitude

51
Q

McClelland and Rumelhart

A

parallel distributed processing

52
Q

beginnings of true thought

A

marks the beginning of preoperational (child has begun to acquire the ability to make internal representations and symbolizations of external objects)

53
Q

interposition

A

depth cue; images on retina are two dimensional but we perceive three dimensions. Image on retina contains certain cues about depth

54
Q

Olds and Milner

A

electrodes in septal nuclei; rats can electrically stimulate septal nuclei which is very pleasurable

55
Q

Galton

A

individual differences

56
Q

dual code hypothesis

A

concrete information is encoded into memory both visually and verbally; abstract information is encoded into memory only verbally

57
Q

Paivio

A

dual code hypothesis

58
Q

hypothetico-deductive method

A

scientists first define and formulate their hypotheses, perform experiments to test, and interpret results

59
Q

confabulation

A

filling in of gaps in memory with distorted, fanciful material (symptom of Korsakoff’s)

60
Q

unconscious process associated with transference

A

displacement

61
Q

the thicker the myelin sheath…

A

the faster the conduction

62
Q

how to calculate IQ

A

divide mental age by chronological age and multiply by 100

63
Q

clinical method

A

case study method; developmental psychologists look at small number of people in depth

64
Q

social facilitation

A

Zajonc; in presence of others, performance of correct responses improves only in dominant responses (when you know what you’re doing)

65
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

females with only one X chromosome (XO); failure to develop secondary sex characteristics

66
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

males who possess an extra X chromosome; sterility and intellectually disabled

67
Q

Herman Witkin

A

relationship between personality and how person perceives the world

68
Q

process vs. reactive schizophrenia

A

lengthy prodromal phase vs. brief prodromal phase

69
Q

long-term memory is organized how?

A

semantically, not phonetically

70
Q

volley principle

A

high rates of neural firing can be maintained if nerve fibers work together

71
Q

Wever and Bray

A

volley principle

72
Q

frequency theory

A

basilar membrane vibrates as a whole in response to incoming stimulation, and rate of vibration equals frequency of the stimulus

73
Q

autoshaping

A

the form of an existing response is gradually changed across successive trials towards a desired target behavior by reinforcing exact segments of behavior

74
Q

categorical perception

A

the ability to ignore differences in sound that do not denote differences in meaning while attending to those differences in sound that do denote differences in meaning

75
Q

shadowing

A

repeat one of the messages heard in dichotic listening tasks

76
Q

latent learning

A

learning that is present but not visible or revealed through behaviour; depends on distinction between learning and performance

77
Q

social exchange theory

A

person weighs rewards and costs of interacting with another person; the more the rewards outweigh the costs, the greater the attraction to the person

78
Q

equity theory

A

consider other person’s costs and rewards and want our ratio to be similar to theirs

79
Q

Kelly

A

the fundamental characteristics of human personality was that people need to know and control their environment

PSYC GRE from Kaplan (8 decks)

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