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PSYC GRE from Kaplan > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Norman Triplett

A

first social psychology study (effect of competition on performance). People perform better on familiar tasks when in the presence of others than when alone.

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2
Q

William McDougall and E. H. Ross

A

First social psychology textbooks

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3
Q

Verplank

A

direction of the conversation depends on feedback from others

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4
Q

Reinforcement theory

A

behaviour is motivated by anticipated rewards

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5
Q

Albert Bandura is mostly closely associated with which theory?

A

Social learning theory: behaviour is learned through imitation

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6
Q

Role theory

A

people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill; much of observable behaviour can be attributed to these roles

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7
Q

What are consistency theories?

A

people prefer consistency over all else

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8
Q

balance theory

A

Fritz Heider; two people and a third person OR thing OR idea must be in balance

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9
Q

How can you quickly tell if something is balanced or not in balance theory?

A

If there are zero or two positive signs, i.e. three dislikes or two likes it is unbalanced. If there are one or three positives, it is balanced.

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10
Q

free-choice (dissonant situation)

A

occurs when a person makes a choice between several desirable alternatives

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11
Q

forced-compliance dissonance

A

when an individual is forced into behaving in a manner that is inconsistent with their beliefs or attitudes

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12
Q

minimal justification effect

A

when external justification is limited, so you reduce dissonance by changing something internally

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13
Q

Daryl Bem

A

self-perception theory (alternative to cognitive dissonance)

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14
Q

self-perception theory

A

people infer attitudes based upon observation of their own behaviour

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15
Q

overjustification effect

A

when you reward people for something they already like doing, they might stop liking it

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16
Q

Carl Hovland

A

proposed a model to understand how attitudes change in response to persuasion

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17
Q

Components of persuasion

A

communicator, communication, situation

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18
Q

According to Hovland, what is most effective to change attitudes?

A

A credible source (expert, trustworthy),

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19
Q

sleeper effect

A

credible source becomes less persuasive over time will a low credible source becomes more persuasive

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20
Q

How can you increase credibility?

A

Argue against your own self-interest

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21
Q

Petty and Cacioppo

A

elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral route)

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22
Q

William McGuire

A

analogy of inoculation against diseases (to resist persuasion)

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23
Q

cultural truism

A

beliefs that are seldom questioned

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24
Q

reactance

A

when X tries too hard to persuade Y of something, Y feels their freedom is threatened and will choose to believe opposite of your position

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25
Q

three principles of social comparison theory

A

(1) we prefer to evaluate ourselves by objective means. if not available, we compare to other
(2) we don’t usually compare ourselves to those dissimilar from us
(3) when there is discrepancy, we change to affiliate with group

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26
Q

Stanley Schacter

A

greater anxiety –> greater desire to affiliate

27
Q

reciprocity hypothesis

A

we like people who indicate that they like us

28
Q

gain-loss principle

A

Aronson and Linder; evaluation that changes has greater impact than one that doesn’t change

29
Q

opposites attract?

A

need complementarity - people choose relationships so that they mutually satisfy each other’s needs

30
Q

Robert Zajonc

A

mere exposure hypothesis - repeated exposure to stimulus increases liking for it
also conducted robber’s cave experiment

31
Q

Kitty Genovese

A

diffusion of responsibility and social influence

32
Q

John Darley and Bibb Latane

A

bystander intervention

33
Q

pluralistic ignorance

A

a situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but go along with it because they incorrectly assume that most others accept it.

34
Q

Batson

A

empathy-altruism model

35
Q

empathy-altruism model

A

when X needs help, Y might feel distress and/or empathy

36
Q

frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

aggression is a result of frustration

37
Q

social learning theory

A

aggression is learned through modeling or reinforcement (it is selectively reinforced i.e. expect a reward for acting aggressively)

38
Q

autokinetic effect

A

a phenomenon of visual perception in which a stationary, small point of light in an otherwise dark or featureless environment appears to move.

39
Q

Muzafer Sherif

A

autokinetic effect - conformity

40
Q

Solomon Asch

A

conformity - line experiment

41
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

obedience/conformity through shocks - 2/3 obedient

42
Q

foot in the door effect

A

compliance with small request increases likelihood of compliance with a larger request

43
Q

door in the face effect

A

those who refuse larger request more likely to agree to a later smaller one

44
Q

Clark and Clark

A

doll preference study - white and black children preferred the white doll over black doll (1947; outdated now)

45
Q

What did Bandura say about self-efficacy?

A

important component of social cognitive theory. People high in it put more effort into challenging tasks

46
Q

Fritz Heider

A

attribution theory

47
Q

attribution theory

A

tendency for people to infer causes of other people’s behaviour (dispositional vs. situational)

48
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tend to make dispositional attributions about what causes other people’s behaviour

49
Q

halo effect

A

general impression about X influences more specific impressions about X

50
Q

M. J. Lerner

A

belief in a just world

51
Q

Theodore Newcomb

A

influence of group norms - women in liberal college became more liberal year by year despite conservative backgrounds

52
Q

Edward Hall

A

cultural norms govern how far away we stand from the people we’re speaking to

53
Q

What did Zajonc say about group influences?

A

presence of others increases arousal and enhances the emission of dominant responses

54
Q

Irving Janis

A

groupthink & how group decisions go awry

55
Q

groupthink

A

tendency of decision-making groups to strive for consensus by not considering discordant information

56
Q

risky shift

A

group decisions are riskier than the average of the inidividual choices

57
Q

value hypothesis

A

explains risky shift by suggesting that it occurs in situations in which riskiness is culturally valued

58
Q

James Stoner

A

found that group decisions tended toward caution, not risk (so shift may depend on nature of dilemma)

59
Q

extremity shifts

A

group decisions tend to be more extreme, not necessarily risky.

60
Q

explanation for extremity shifts

A

group polarization: tendency for group discussion to enhance group’s initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution

61
Q

Kurt Lewin

A

leadership styles: autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire

62
Q

Robber’s Cave Experiment

A

experiment conducted on two groups of boys at camp to better understand cooperation and competition. Found that superordinate goals are most effective in reducing hostility between two groups (goals best obtained through intergroup cooperation

63
Q

Eagly

A

gender differences in conformity are due to differing social roles

64
Q

Hovland

A

attitude change

PSYC GRE from Kaplan (8 decks)

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