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PSYC GRE from Kaplan > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Weber

A

just noticeable difference

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2
Q

Fechner

A

Weber’s Law

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3
Q

Wertheimer

A

Gestalt psychology; phi phenonemon

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4
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum of stimulus energy needed to activate the sensory system (i.e. before it can be perceived)

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5
Q

limen

A

another word for threshold

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6
Q

difference threshold

A

amount of stimulus energy added or subtracted from a stimulus for a difference to be noticed

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7
Q

just noticeable difference

A

measures same thing as difference threshold but units are different. if 2 oz is the point where difference in weight is noticeable, then 2 oz = 1 JND

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8
Q

Weber’s Law

A

JND is produced by ratio of difference between two stimuli not the absolute difference

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9
Q

Weber’s fraction

A

constant K; the smaller the K the better the sensitivity

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10
Q

Fechner’s Law

A

relates the intensity of the stimulus to the intensity of the sensation

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11
Q

Stevens’ power law

A

same as Fechner’s Law (intensity of stimulus to intensity of sensation) but different formula

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12
Q

response bias

A

how risky a person is in sensory decision-making (based upon nonsensory factors)

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13
Q

ROC curves

A

used to graphically summarize a subject’s responses in a signal detection experiment

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14
Q

John Swets

A

refined use of ROC curves

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15
Q

stages of sensory processing

A

reception, transduction, sent to projection areas

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16
Q

duplicity theory of vision

A

there are two kinds of photoreceptors in the retina

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17
Q

Are there more rods or cones in the human eye?

A

rods

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18
Q

What happens at the optic chiasm?

A

Nasal fibers from left eye go to right side of brain, nasal fibers from right eye go to the left side of brain; temporal fibers from left go to left and temporal fibers from right go to right (end result: information from left visual field of both eyes goes to the right side of the brain and vice versa)

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19
Q

brain structures involved in visual processing

A

lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus, visual cortex, and superior colliculus

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20
Q

order that light passes through eye

A

cornea, pupil, lens, rods and cones, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

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21
Q

blind spot

A

corresponds with optic disk (no photoreceptors here)

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22
Q

Hubel and Wiesel

A

feature detection theory (Nobel Prize 1981), single cell recording

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23
Q

feature detection theory

A

certain cells in the cortex are maximally sensitive to certain features of stimuli (simple, complex, and hyper complex cells)

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24
Q

simple cells

A

responds to orientation and boundaries of object

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25
Q

complex cells

A

responds to movement

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26
Q

hypercomplex cells

A

responds to shape/abstract concepts

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27
Q

pigment in rods

A

rhodopsin (made up of vitamin A deriviative retinal and opsin)

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28
Q

physiology behind dark adaptation

A

also known as bleaching; rhodopsin splits into retinal and opsin when light is absorbed. Adaptation occurs after rhodopsin has regenerated.

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29
Q

lateral inhibition

A

when adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another; this sharpens and highlights borders between light and dark areas

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30
Q

what is colour perception related to?

A

the wavelength of the light entering the eye

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31
Q

subtractive colour mixture

A

occurs when pigments are mixed

32
Q

additive colour mixture

A

red, green, and blue; how lights are mixed together (important for how we see colour)

33
Q

Young-Helmholtz theory

A

trichromatic theory; retina contains three types of cones that have different sensitives to colours

34
Q

opponent-process theory

A

Hering; there are three opposing pairs (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white). when one of these colours is perceived (e.g. red), a red-green cells in excited, but the colour green inhibits the same cell. Excitation and inhibition cannot occur at the same time (so you can’t have “reddish green” –> applies to cells in lateral geniculate nucleus

35
Q

Berkeley

A

depth cues (interposition, relative size, linear perspective)

36
Q

interposition/overlap

A

cue for depth perception when one object covers or overlaps with another object

37
Q

linear perspective

A

the convergence of parallel lines in the distance

38
Q

Gibson

A

more depth cues (texture gradients, motion parallax, binocular disparity)

39
Q

texture gradients

A

variations in perceived surface texture as a function of the distance from the observer

40
Q

motion parallax

A

when observer moves, objects in a stationary environment appear to move relative to distance from observer

41
Q

binocular disparity/steropsis

A

each eye sees a slightly different scene and when the brain combines these scenes, we get depth perception

42
Q

form perception

A

figure and ground

43
Q

law of proximity

A

elements close to one another tend to be perceived as one unit

44
Q

law of similarity

A

elements similar to one another tend to be grouped together

45
Q

law of good continuation

A

elements that appear to follow in the same direction tend to be grouped together

46
Q

law of closure

A

tendency to see incomplete figures as being complete

47
Q

law of Praganaz

A

perceptual organization will always be as “good” as possible

48
Q

Kohlberg

A

theory of isomorphism

49
Q

theory of isomorphism

A

suggests there is a one-to-one correspondence between the object in the perceptual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain

50
Q

phi

A

apparent motion; illusion that occurs when two dots flashed in different locations on a screen seconds apart are perceived as one moving dot

51
Q

induced motion

A

illusion of movement occurring when everything around the spot of light is moved

52
Q

autokinetic effect

A

illusion that occurs when a spot of light appears to move erratically in a dark room because there is no frame of reference

53
Q

motion aftereffect

A

if a moving object is viewed for an extended period of time, it will appear to move in an opposite direction when the motion stops

54
Q

distal vs proximal stimuli

A

distal is the actual object, proximal is information our sensory receptors receive about it

55
Q

constancies of vision

A

size, shape, light, colour

56
Q

Emmett’s law

A

size-distance invariance principle; size constancy depends on apparent distance

57
Q

frequency

A

number of cycles per second, measured in Hz (inversely related to wavelength)

58
Q

intensity

A

amplitude or height of the air pressure wave, measured in bels or decibels (related to loudness)

59
Q

pitch

A

subjective experience of the magnitude of intensity of the sound

60
Q

timbre

A

quality of a particular sound (think how C sounds on piano vs. clarinet)

61
Q

ear structures of middle ear in order

A

hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), and stirrup (stapes)

62
Q

ear structures of outer ear in order

A

pinna, auditory canals, eardrum (tympanic membrane)

63
Q

ear structures of inner ear in order

A

oval window (entrance), cochlea, basila membrane, organ of Corti, auditory nerve

64
Q

basic circuit that auditory nerve projects to

A

superior olivary complex, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus (in thalamus), temporal cortex

65
Q

place theory

A

each different pitch causes a different place on the basilar membrane to vibrate (Helmholtz and Young)

66
Q

frequency theory

A

the basilar membrane vibrates as a whole and rate of vibration equals the frequency of the stimulus

67
Q

Where are the sensory receptors for taste? Where does info from them travel to?

A

the taste buds which are found in little bumps on the tongue called papillae; taste center of thalamus

68
Q

Where are the sensory receptors for smell? Where does info from them travel to?

A

upper nasal passage for the nose (olfactory epithelium); olfactory bulb

69
Q

Where does info from the touch receptors go to?

A

somatosensory cortex

70
Q

two-point thresholds

A

minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation so that they will be felt as two distinct stimuli

71
Q

physiological zero

A

neutral temperature perceived to be neither hot nor cold (so a comfortable body temperature)

72
Q

gate theory of pain

A

there is a special gating mechanism (located in spinal cord) that can turn pain signals on or off

73
Q

Melzack and Wall

A

gate theory of pain

74
Q

vestibular sense

A

sense of balance (semicircular canals) and of our bodily position relative to gravity

75
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

awareness of body movement and position

76
Q

Broadbent

A

selective attention acts as a filter between sensory stimuli and our processing systems; all or nothing; probably not the case

PSYC GRE from Kaplan (8 decks)

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