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PSYC GRE from Kaplan > Physiological Psychology > Flashcards

Physiological Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Franz Gall

A

phrenology

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2
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

first to study functions of major sections of the brain

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3
Q

ablation/extirpation

A

parts of the brain are removed and behavioural consequences are observed

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4
Q

William James

A

functionalism; link between physiology and emotional experience

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5
Q

John Dewey

A

functionalism

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6
Q

Johannes Muller

A

law of specific nerve energies

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7
Q

law of specific nerve energies

A

each sensory nerve is excited by only one kind of energy, and the brain interprets any stimulation of that nerve as being that kind of energy

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8
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A

measured the speed of a nerve impulse & credited with transitioning psychology into the field of natural sciences

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9
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

inferred the existence of synapses (but thought it was electrical, not chemical)

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10
Q

afferent neurons vs efferent neurons

A

sensory vs. motor

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11
Q

interneurons

A

located predominantly in CNS, linked to reflexive behaviour

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12
Q

Describe how the peripheral nervous system is divided

A

somatic and autonomic (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

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13
Q

Walter Cannon

A

pioneering work on autonomic nervous system; homeostasis

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14
Q

resting and digesting

A

parasympathetic nervous system; acetylcholine

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15
Q

fight or flight

A

sympathetic nervous system (“I am sympathetic to your flight”); increase in heart rate, blood sugar, respiratin, decrease in digestion; adrenaline

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16
Q

hindbrain

A

vital functioning necessary for survival; where brain and spinal cord meet

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17
Q

midbrain

A

receives sensory and motor information

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18
Q

forebrain

A

emotion and memory; complex processes; greatest impact on human behavior

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19
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary development

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20
Q

medulla oblongata

A

regulates heartbeat, blood pressure, and breathing

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21
Q

alcohol impairs which brain structure?

A

cerebellum

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22
Q

reticular formation

A

arousal, alertness, and attention

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23
Q

superior colliculus

A

nuclei of midbrain that receives visual sensory input; SEEING (Superior)

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24
Q

inferior colliculus

A

nuclei of midbrain that receives auditory sensory input; reaction to sudden noises

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25
Q

thalamus

A

forebrain structure; relay station (receives incoming impulses and sorts them to the correct structure)

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26
Q

hypothalamus

A

homeostatic functions, aggression, sexual behaviours, hormones, autonomic nervous system, drive behaviours

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27
Q

osmoregulation

A

maintenance of water balance by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

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28
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

hunger center; Lacking Hunger (lesions; aphagia)

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29
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

satiety centre; Very Hungry (lesions; hyperphagia)

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30
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

sexual activity; Asexuality (lesions)

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31
Q

large ventricles are seen in which disorder

A

symptoms of schizophrenia, social withdrawal, flat affect, catatonic states

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32
Q

limbic system

A

2nd area of brain to evolve; septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus

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33
Q

James Olds and Peter Milner

A

septal nuclei - when stimulated, results in intense pleasure and sexual arousal

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34
Q

septal rage

A

vicious aggressive behaviour resulting from damage to the septal nuclei

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35
Q

Kluver and Bucy

A

linked amygdala with defensive and aggressive behaviours in monkeys

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36
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

changes in animals resulting from bilateral removal of the amygdala

37
Q

Brenda Milner

A

study of H.M.’s memory problems

38
Q

regions of frontal lobe

A

prefrontal lobe (executive functioning) and motor cortex

39
Q

association area

A

combines input from diverse brain regions; larger than projection areas in humans

40
Q

projection area

A

receives incoming sensory information and sends out motor impulse commands

41
Q

Broca’s area

A

usually only found in dominant hemisphere; speech production; in frontal lobe

42
Q

Hubel and Wiesel

A

visual perception; single cell recording

43
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

in temporal lobe; language perception and comprehension; located in dominant hemisphere

44
Q

Dominant hemisphere

A

analytic and detailed; language, logic, math, language production and comprehension

45
Q

Nondominant hemisphere

A

emotional tone of language, intuition, creativity, music, spatial processing

46
Q

Sperry and Gazzaniga

A

corpus callosum severing in epileptic patients (SPerry and SPlit brain)

47
Q

terminal buttons

A

end of axon that contains sacs that are filled with neurotransmitters

48
Q

glial cells

A

insulate axons with myelin sheath

49
Q

diff between dendrites and axons

A

dendrites are not myelinated (most axons are);
can regenerate and branching can change (axons are stable and cannot regenerate);
dendrites receive information and axons communicate it

50
Q

neural conduction within neuron vs. between neurons

A

electrical vs. chemical

51
Q

resting membrane potential

A

slight negative charge stored inside neuron’s cell membrane (-70 mV)

52
Q

describe the distribution of sodium and potassium ions during resting potential

A

Outside: positive sodium ions (more)
Inside: positive potassium ions (less than sodium) AND negatively charged proteins
So overall inside is more negative compared to outside (polarized)

53
Q

describe depolarization

A

when a stimulus is significant enough to cause membrane’s potential to increase to -50 mV

54
Q

describe the action potential spike

A

when inside of membrane hits -50 mV, action potential is initiated when voltage-gated sodium channels open and allow sodium ions into the cell, changing inside of cell to a positive charge (about 35 mV)

55
Q

repolarization

A

positively charged potassium ions rush outside the cell, and inside becomes negative once more

56
Q

hyperpolarization

A

period when the membrane overshoots original negative charge of -70 mV

57
Q

refractory period

A

neuron cannot fire until action potential finishes

58
Q

absolute refractory

A

corresponds with depolarization, neuron cannot respond to additional stimuli

59
Q

relative refractory

A

corresponds with repolarization

60
Q

acetylcholine

A

nerve impulses to muscles; linked to Alzheimer’s

61
Q

catecholamines

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine –> emotions

62
Q

norepinephrine

A

alertness, wakefulness, implicated in depression and mania

63
Q

dopamine

A

movement, posture, basal ganglia

64
Q

GABA

A

produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

65
Q

neuromodulators/neuropeptides

A

slow and have longer effects on postsynaptic cell; endorphins are these

66
Q

tricyclic ADs

A

facilitate transmission of norepinephrine or serotonin at synapse (block reuptake of monoamines)

67
Q

antipsychotics mechanism of action

A

mostly block receptor sites for dopamine and make it difficult to bind to postsynaptic membrane

68
Q

master gland of endocrine system

A

pituitary gland, specifically the anterior pituitary gland

69
Q

Which hormone is associated with ovulation?

A

luteinizing hormone

70
Q

estrogen

A

maturation and release of egg or ovum from ovary

71
Q

progesterone

A

prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized egg

72
Q

Wilder Penfield

A

first to use electrical stimulation to map out areas on brain’s surface

73
Q

A. R. Luria

A

study of neuropsychological disorders

74
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

damage to Wernicke’s area resulting in difficulty in understanding language

75
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

damage to Broca’s area resulting in difficult in producing language

76
Q

agnosia

A

problems in perceptual recognition

77
Q

apraxia

A

impairment in organization of motor action

78
Q

brain waves when awake

A

beta (awake and doing things) and alpha (relaxed with eyes closed)

79
Q

sleep stage 1

A

short bursts of alpha waves

80
Q

sleep stage 2

A

theta waves and K complexes

81
Q

sleep stage 3

A

delta waves (Deep sleep)

82
Q

sleep stage 4

A

deepest sleep, delta at slowest and sleep spindles at steepest

83
Q

BAT-D

A

sequential order of brain waves (BAT sleeps during the Day)

84
Q

infants spend more time in what kind of sleep

A

REM

85
Q

REM sleep

A

eyes moving, brain waves look like beta waves but muscle tone is relaxed

86
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

we become aware of our emotion after we notice our physiological reactions to some external event

87
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

bodily changes and emotions occur at the same time

88
Q

Schacter-Singer theory of emotion

A

two-factor theory; individual’s appraisal of the situation determines the interpretation

PSYC GRE from Kaplan (8 decks)

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