Diabetes Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is diabetes mellitus caused by
Deficiency of insulin or a decrease in response to insulin
What happens to blood glucose levels when you have diabetes mellitus
Increase
True or false: Fats and proteins are used as fuel when you have diabetes mellitus
True
What are some effects on the body due to the use of fats and proteins as fuel
Decrease in body weight, immune system response, blood pH (acidosis)
What causes a decrease in blood pH
Increase ketones in the blood (ketosis)
How many types of diabetes are there and what are they called
2 Types
Type I - insulin dependent/juvenile)
Type II - non insulin dependent/adult onset)
What is type I diabetes
autoimmune disorder where the immune system (T cells) destroys insulin-producing cells (pancreatic beta cells) cuasin little to no insulin being produced
What is type II diabetes
Reduce/ no response to insulin due to changed insulin receptors (insulin resistance) causing an increased amount of sugar in the blood which can start to poison the pancreas over time and makes it difficult to control blood sugar levels
How does the pancreas respond to type II diabetes
Increases the production of insulin until it overexerts itself and cannot produce sufficient amounts of insulin
What are some signs that a patient may have diabetes
Polyuria (cause dehyration)
Excessive thirst
Increased hunger
Tiredness
Deccrease in body weight
(Last 3 bc there is less available glucose to make ATP)
What is the average blood glucose range
3.8 - 5.2 mmols
What do beta cells of the pancreas detect and what will it release
hyperglycemia and will release insulin to bring blood glucose levels down
What do alpha cells of the pancreas detect and what will it release
hypoglycemia and will release glucagon to bring blood glucose levels back up
How does insulin work (give the pathway from start to finish)
Insulin attaches to an insulin receptor on the surface of the cell membrane which causes a signal cascade to stimulate glucose transporters inside the cell to enter the cell membrane. Glucose then enters the cell through glucose transporter proteins then its converted to glycogen in liver cells for later use.
How does glycogen work (give the pathway from start to finish)
Glucagon binds to a receptor on the surface of the cell membrane which causes a cascade to stimulate the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver. Glucose then leaves liver cells through a glucose transporter to raise blood sugar levels for other body cells to use (specifically the brain)
Fill in the blank:
5 - 10% of diabetics are __________ diabetics and 90 - 95% of diabetics are ___________ diabetics
5 - 10 % : Type 1
90 - 95% : Type 2
Name some differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Type 1:
- affects younger population
- there is a genetic component
- treatment focuses on managing blood sugar levels using diet, lifestyles and insulin in the form of pens, syringes, inhalers and insulin pumps
- autoimmune disorder
- no production of insulin
Type 2:
- occurs in older population
- risks consist of obesity, lack of exercise, hypertension. and genetics
- no response to insulin
What are some clinical symptoms of untreated diabetes
- weight loss (cannot use ATP so you use fat and proteins for fuel)
- Polyphagia (excessive eating)
- Glucosurea (increased glucose in urine)
- Polyurea (excessive urination)
- Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
How can you treat type 1 diabetes vs how do you treat type 2 diabetes
Type 1 - INSULIN
Type 2 - Weight loss, exercise, healthy diet and antidiabetic meds
Name 1 antidiabetic medication
metformin
What can happen if you use insulin without have eaten anything
Hypoglycemia
What are some symptoms of hypoglycemia
weakness, shaking, hunger, loss of consciousness and seizures
If someone is suffering from hypoglycemia, what can be used to help them
intranasal glucagon to raise blood sugar levels
What are microvascular complications of diabetes
Eyes - damage eye blood vessels due to high BP
Kidney - damage small blood vessels and excess blood glucose overworks the kidneys
Neuropathy - damages nerves of the peripheral nervous system resulting in foot wounds, pain or numbness
