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CV system (improved) Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of the CV system

A

Regulation of pH, water and body temperature
Transportation of nutrients and wastes

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2
Q

What does the CV system consist of

A

The heart, blood and blood vessels

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3
Q

What is the function of the heart

A

Keep fluid circulating in the body and maintain homeostasis

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4
Q

How does the heart maintain homeostasis (3)

A

Regulating body temperature, defense and repair mechanism and transporting materials to and from cells

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5
Q

What is the function of blood

A

Transport nutrients and wastes

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6
Q

What is the function of blood vessels

A

Tube organs that allow blood to circulate to different tissues in the body

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7
Q

What are the fluids of the body

A

Blood, IF and lymph

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8
Q

What is blood composed of

A

Blood plasma and formed elements

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9
Q

What are the formed elements

A

RBC, WBC and platelets

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10
Q

What is the function of IF

A

surround the cells of the body

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11
Q

What is the function of lymph

A

surround the cells of the body but in lymphatic vessels

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Nutrients go from _______ to ________ to ________

A

Blood to IF to cells of the body

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: Wastes go from _________ to ________ to ________

A

Cells to IF to blood

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14
Q

What happens to extra fluid

A

It is picked up by the lymphatic system and returned to the CV system

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15
Q

What are the similarities between IF and blood plasma

A

Contains: O2, salts, amino acids, hormones, water, glucose and WBC

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16
Q

What are the differences between IF and blood plasma

A

Plasma contains a high # of proteins
IF does not contain RBC’s and platelets

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17
Q

True or false: Fluids and their contents are constantly being exchanged within the body

A

True via semipermeable membrans
ex: Capillaries and Body cells

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18
Q

What are capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessel. They are 1 cell thick and are responsible for gas exchange as well as the exchange of nutrients and wastes

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19
Q

What 3 things facilitate gas exchange

A

Low BP
Low blood flow
Large surface area

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20
Q

What is filtration

A

Filtration is when nutrients and O2 leave the capillaries and enter the body cell. BP is important

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21
Q

What is reabsorption

A

Reabsorption is when wastes go from the body cell back to the capillaries. OP is important

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22
Q

Why is extra fluid picked up by the lymphatic system

A

To decrease/maintain the amount of fluid in the interstitial space

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23
Q

What would occur if the lymphatic system wasn’t working properly and why

A

Death would occur after about 24hrs because blood would lose all its plasma causing low BP. Edema due to excess fluid would also happen

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24
Q

What is the composition of blood and their percentages

A

Plasma (55%)
Buffy coat (<1%0
RBC (44 - 45%)

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25
What makes up the buffy coat
WBC and platelets
26
What is the lifespan of RBC's, WBC's and platelets
RBC: 120 days WBC: hours to weeks depending on type Platelets: about 7 days
27
Why do RBC's only have a lifespan of 120 days
They have no nucleus or organelles in order to repair themselves and also wear out from trying to fit through small spaces
28
What does hematopoiesis mean
Formation of blood cells
29
What are the stage and locations of blood cell formation
1 - yolk sac of embryo 2 - spleen, thymus and lymph nodes of fetus 3 - RBM which becomes primary site within the last 3 months
30
True or false: RBM contains pluripotent stem cells
True
31
What are pluripotent stem cells
They are cells that are capable of differentiating into many different types of cells
32
What are erythrocytes and what is their function
RBC and transport O2
33
Why can RBC's transport O2
Hemoglobin
34
What shape are RBC's and why
Biconcaved. Facilitates gas exchange and flexible to fit into small spaces
35
What is the normal count for women and men
Women: 4.8 million/ml Men: 5.4 million/ml
36
What is hematocrit
The % of RBC compared to the total volume of blood
37
What can hematocrit indicate
O2 carrying capacity of blood
38
True of false: Hemoglobin contains 6 globular proteins
False: they each contain 4 and each protein carries 1 O2 molecule
39
What is a heme group
Area in hemoglobin where O2 molecule attaches
40
When is deoxyhemoglobin produces
When O2 unloads in the tissues
41
What type of hemoglobin is produced when CO2 loads in the tissues
carbaminohemoglobin
42
When is oxyhemoglobin produced
When O2 loads in the lungs
43
What colour is oxyhemoglobin vs deoxyhemoglobin
O2 - Bright red CO2 - Dark red
44
What is cyanosis
When there is more deoxygenated blood compared to oxygenated blood
45
True or false: Blood can be blue
False: it's never actually blue
46
Why does carbon monoxide poisoning occur
Because CO binds to hemoglobin much easier than O2 does
47
When CO is present, what happens to the O2 carrying capacity of blood
It decreases
48
What is erythropoiesis
Making erythrocyte (RBC)
49
True or false: There needs to be a balance of production and destruction of RBC's
True
50
Why do we need balance and what does balance depend on
Need balance to maintain O2 levels of the body and avoid tissue hypoxia. It depends on hormonal control, and dietary requirements (Iron, amino acids, B vitamins)
51
What is tissue hypoxia
Too few RBC's and not enough hemoglobin.
52
What are some causes of tissue hypoxia
Insufficient hemoglobin, RBC's, hemorrhage and reduced available O2 (high altitudes)
53
What is erythropoetin
Protein released by kidneys to stimulate RBC production
54
What happens to the consistency of blood when there are too many RBC's
It becomes thicker (viscous)
55
What are the 2 blood disorders related to RBC's and explain
Anemia: Too little RBC's and low O2 carrying capacity, hematocrit <35% Polycythemia: Too many RBC's due to bone marrow cancer, secondary polycythemia and blood doping. Hematocrit >65%
56
What is leukopoiesis
Making WBC
57
True or false: WBC are more numerous than RBC's
False: RBCS Are more numerous (1 in 700)
58
What is leukocytosis and what causes it
High # WBC and is caused by strenuous exercise, microbes, anesthesia and surgery
59
What is leukopenia and what causes it
Low # WBC and is caused by chemotherapy, radiation and shock
60
If only 2% of WBC's are in circulating blood, where do the rest reside
lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, lungs, liver, spleen, skin
61
What is the main function of WBC
Chemotaxis
62
What is chemotaxis
The attraction to disease or injury site
63
What are the granulocytes and agranulocytes
Granular: Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils Agranular: Lymphocytes and Monocytes
64
NEUTROPHILS: 0 - Granulocyte or Agranulocyte 1 - How many nuclei 2 - Shape of nucleus 3 - Color 4 - Percentage in circulating blood 5 - What does a high number indicate 6 - Function
0 - Granular 1 - 2 - 5 2 - Horseshoe 3 - Pale lilac 4 - 50 - 70% 5 - Acute bacterial infection 6 - Fastest response to phagocytize bacteria, releasing lysozymes and defensin as well as strong oxidants (chemicals)
65
What does defensin do
pokes holes in bacterial cell walls to destroy them
66
EOSINOPHILS: 0 - Granulocyte or Agranulocyte 1 - How many nuclei 2 - Shape of nucleus 3 - Color 4 - Percentage in circulating blood 5 - What does a high number indicate 6 - Function
0 - Granular 1 - 2 - 3 2- N/A 3- Orange/red 4- 2 - 4% 5- Parasitic infection 6- Release histaminase to slow down inflammation cause by basophils. Digest large parasitic worms and attacks parasites by phagocytosis
67
BASOPHILS: 0 - Granulocyte or Agranulocyte 1 - How many nuclei 2 - Shape of nucleus 3 - Color 4 - Percentage in circulating blood 5 - What does a high number indicate 6 - Function
0 - Granular 1 - 1 2 - irregular U or S 3 - Dark purple 4 - < 1% 5 - Allergic Reaction 6 - Releases histamines to quicken inflammatory response
68
What are basophils similar to
Mast cells
69
What are mast cells
Basophils but in tissues
70
LYMPHOCYTES 0 - Granulocyte or Agranulocyte 1 - How many nuclei 2 - Shape of nucleus 3 - Color of cytoplasm 4 - Percentage in circulating blood 5 - What does a high number indicate 6 - Function
0 - Agranular 1 - 1 2- Round 3 - light blue 4 - 25 - 45% 5 - Viral infection 6 - Composed of B, T and natural killer cells to attack viruses, bacteria and destroy foreign invaders by direct attack
71
MONOCYTES 0 - Granulocyte or Agranulocyte 1 - How many nuclei 2 - Shape of nucleus 3 - Color of cytoplasm 4 - Percentage in circulating blood 5 - What does a high number indicate 6 - Function
0 - Agranular 1 - 1 2- Kidney 3 - Greyish blue 4- 3 - 8% 5- Chronic bacterial infection 6 - Circulate the blood in search of infection and clean up and destroy dead tissues after infection
72
True or false: Lymphocytes differentiate into macrophages
False: Monocytes differentiate into macrophages
73
What are fixed group macrophages
Macrophages found in specific tissues
74
What are wondering group macrophages
Macrophages that circulate and are found at sites of infection
75
What happens if a monocyte does not find an infection in 24hrs
apoptosis (self-destructs)

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