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Endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system

A

Regulation of metabolism, growth, development, puberty, mood and tissue function

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2
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemicals that affect body cells, tissues and organs

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3
Q

True or false: Hormones secrete directly into the blood

A

True

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of glands that secrete hormones

A

Endocrine and Exocrine

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5
Q

What is the difference between and endocrine and exocrine gland

A

An exocrine gland secretes its products via a duct while an endocrine gland secretes its products directly.

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6
Q

What is hormone signaling

A

The manner in which hormones enter and affect their target cells

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7
Q

What happens to a cell that doesn’t have a receptor for a specific hormone

A

It remains unaffected

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8
Q

What is the name given to cells that do not have a specific receptor

A

Non target cells

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9
Q

Cells that have specific receptors are called ________

A

target cells

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10
Q

What are the 2 signalling mechanisms

A

1 - cell surface receptor-mediated signalling
2 - Intracellular receptor-mediated signalling

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11
Q

What is the main difference between the 2 hormone signalling mechanism

A

Cell surface receptor-mediated signalling is when the receptors are on the surface of the cell and Intracellular receptor-mediated signalling is when the receptors are inside the cell

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12
Q

What hormones are involved in cell surface receptor mediated signalling

A

Water soluble hormones (can’t pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer)

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13
Q

What hormones are involved in intracellular receptor-mediated signalling

A

Lipid soluble hormones (ones that can pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the cell)

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14
Q

what is the goal of cell surface receptor mediated signalling

A

Turn an extracellular chemical into an intracellular response

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15
Q

Name the 3 main stimuli that control hormone release and briefly explain what they are

A

1 - Hormonal (via tropic/others hormones)
2 - Humoral (via other non hormonal molecules)
3 - Neural (via nervous system)

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16
Q

Name the 2 feedback mechanisms that control hormone release and briefly explain what they are

A

1 - Positive (continues to secrete hormones to eventually obtain homeostasis)
2 - Negative (inhibits the secretion of hormones because there is an elevated level in blood)

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17
Q

Give an example of a hormone that uses positive feedback mechanism and one that uses negative feedback mechanism

A

positive - oxytocin
negative - estrogen, testosterone, progesterone etc…

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18
Q

What are the 9 organs that make up the endocrine system

A

1 - Hypothalamus
2 - Pituitary gland
3 - Thyroid
4 - Parathyroid
5 - Adrenal glands
6 - Pineal glands
7 - Pancreas
8 - Thymus
9 - Gonads

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19
Q

The hypothalamus is a part of which organ system(s)

A

Nervous and Endocrine

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20
Q

What are the roles of the hypothalamus in the nervous system

A

Receives information from internal and external environments and then sends signals to the medulla oblongata to modify HR, RR, vasoconstriction/dilation, digestion and sweating

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21
Q

Which nervous system does the hypothalamus control

A

autonomic nervous system

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22
Q

What are the 2 pathways hormones can take from the hypothalamus

A

1 - Transported to the posterior pituitary gland to be released by the posterior pituitary gland
2 - Target the anterior pituitary gland for it to secret hormones of its own

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23
Q

Name some hypothalamic hormones that target the ANTERIOR pituitary gland

A

Thyrid releasing hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Growth hormone releasing hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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24
Q

Name some hypothalamic hormones that are transported to the posterior pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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25
What are oxytocin and ADH classified as
neurohormones
26
What are neurosecretory cells
Nerve cells that conduct nerve signals and release/secrete hormones
27
Where can neurosecretory cells be found
Hypothalamus
28
When are neuroseretory cells used
To make hormones that are released by the posterior pituitary gland (Oxytocin and ADH)
29
Where oes the pituitary gland sit compared to the hypothalamus
directly underneath
30
What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland
anterior and posterior pituitary gland
31
What is the role of the POSTERIOR pituitary gland
Store and secrete neurohormones made by the hypothalamus
32
True or false: The anterior pituitary gland extends directly from the hypothalamus
False: The posterior extends directly from the hypothalamus (Neurosecretory cells transport hormones)
33
What are the 5 things that ADH do
1- increase water retention (kidneys) 2- decrease urine volume 3- regulates blood osmolarity 4- Increases blood pressure
34
What inhibits ADH
high water levels in the body
35
What 2 things does oxytocin do
1 - Contract uterine muscles (uterus) during childbirth 2- Ejection of milk from mammary glands while nursing
36
Is oxytocin controlled by a positive or negative feedback
Positive
37
What are the hormones produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and what does each target?
1 - Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (Testes and ovaries) 2 - thyroid stimulating hormone (thyroid) 3 - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (adrenal cortex) 4 - Prolactin (mammary glands 5 - Human growth hormone (liver, bone, other tissues)
38
What does HGH do in the body
Stimulates cell growth and number - Promotes bone growth before puberty Metabolic functions: - decrease fat mass in adults (lean figure) - improves VO2 max - allows maximum power output
39
What is the release of HGH sensitive to
Exercise
40
What is the end result of someone who produces too much GH in childhood
Gigantism
41
What is the end result of someone who produces too little GH in childhood
Pituitary dwarfism
42
What is acromegaly
When there is excess GH secreted in adulthood resulting in thickening of bones (NO LENGTHENING)
43
Where is the thyroid located and what does it look like
Butterfly shaped and lies in front of the trachea below the larynx
44
What does the thyroid need to produce T3 and T4
iodine from food
45
What hormones does the thyroid produce and what are the functions of these hormones
Thyroid hormone (TH) - influences metabolism Calcitonin- calcium homeostasis by depositing calcium in bone to decrease the amount of calcium in the blood
46
What are the 5 functions of the thyroid
1 - Increases BMR (metabolism) 2 - controls the use and the transformation of glucose and fatty acids into ATP 3 - Stimulates protein synthesis (muscle tone) 4 - stimulates the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine (BP and HR) 5 - Affects digestion, nerve function and reproduction
47
What does thyroid hormone do
stimulates metabolism and influences development and maturation
48
What happens if you have too much or too little of thyroid hormones
Results in metabolic disorders
49
What is simple goiter
enlargement of the thyroid due to too little production of thyroid hormone or iodine deficiency
50
What is the most important hormone to control the concentration of calcium in the body
Parathyroid hormone
51
What 3 things happens when parathyroid hormone is secreted
1 - Calcium is released from bone 2 - Absorption of Ca 2+ is enhance from the small intenstine 3 - Suppresses calcium loss in urine
52
What 2 antagonist hormones control blood calcium
1 - Calcitonin 2 - Parathyroid Hormone
53
What does calcitonin do
LOWERS blood calcium levels to and STIMULATES calcium deposit in bones and secretion by the kidneys
54
What does parathyroid hormone do
INCREASES blood calcium levels which stimulate calcium release by bones and reabsorption by the kidneys and intestines
55
If you don't have enough calcium, what can be an end result
osteoporosis
56
Where are the adrenal glands located
above the kidneys
57
What is the outer portion of the adrenal glands called What is the inner portion of the adrenal glands called
outer - adrenal cortex inner - adrenal medulla
58
what is the role of the adrenal medulla
works with the autonomic nervous system to secrete hormones involved in SHORT TERM STRESS
59
What hormone(s) does the adrenal cortex secrete
Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine
60
True or false: Norepinephrine is only a hormone
False: Its a hormone and a neurotransmitter
61
What are some effects caused by epinephrine and norepinephrine
1 - Increases HR, release of glucose, skeletal muscle readiness, glucose and oxygen supply to brain and muscles 2 - Suppresses non-vital bodily processes
62
What is the delay of the endocrine system compared to the sympathetic nervous system
30 seconds
63
What is the adrenal cortex crontrolled by
endocrine signals to respond to LONGTERM STRESS
64
Fill in the blank: The adrenal cortex responds to __________ stress and the adrenal medulla responds to __________ stress
adrenal cortex - LONG TERM adrenal medulla - SHORT TERM
65
What is the pathway to targeting the adrenal cortex
1 - Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin releasing hormone 2 - CRH triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone 3 - ACTH targets the adrenal cortex
66
What type of hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete
CORTICOSTEROIDS
67
Name the 3 categories of corticosteroids and give 1 example of each
1 - Glucocorticoids (cortisol) 2 - Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) 3 - Gonadocorticoids (testosterone/estrogen)
68
What do glucocorticoids affect
glucose metabolism and immune system
69
What do mineralocorticoids affect
salt and water balance
70
True or false: gonadocorticoids are produced in large amounts by the adrenal glands
FALSE: they are produced in SMALL amounts by the adrenal cortex
71
Where is the pineal gland located and what hormone does it secrete
In the brain it secretes melatonin
72
What causes an increase in melatonin and what happens when there is an increase in melatonin
Decrease sunlight SLEEP
73
What causes a decrease in melatonin and what happens when there is a decrease in melatonin
Increase sunlight AWAKE
74
True or false: level of melatonin are greater at night and less during the day
True
75
What can too much melatonin result in
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
76
Describe seasonal affective disorder
Seasonal depression Depression is related to the amount of light present (sun)
77
What is possible natural treatment to SAD
repeated exposure to very bright light specifically designed for people with seasonal depression
78
What antagonistic hormones does the pancreas secrete
Insulin and glucagon
79
What do insulin and glucagon try to maintain together and what are there role seperately
TOGETHER: maintain glucose homeostasis INSULIN: Decreases blood sugar levels GLUCAGON: Increases blood sugar levels
80
Fill in the blank: Glucagon is produced by _________ cells and Insulin is produced by __________ cells
GLUCAGON: Alpha INSULIN: Beta
81
True or false: the pancreas has an exocrine function only
False: it has both an endocrine and exocrine function
82
What is glucose important for
Cellular respiration and key source for carbon to synthesize other organic compounds
83
How does insulin decrease blood glucose levels
Stimulates uptake of glucose in muscle (stores it as glycogen for later use) Stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver (releases into the blood when needed) Prevents breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver
84
What division stimulates the release of insulin
Parasympathetic division
85
How does glucagon increase blood glucose levels
Stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
86
What is gluconeogenesis
Conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
87
Where is the thymus gland located
Posterior to the sternum
88
True or false: The thymus is the largest in adults
False: Largest in infants and children
89
What does the thymus produce
Thymosin
90
What does thymosin do
Matures T cells Aids in development of the immune system
91
What endocrine organs control reproductive hormones
Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
92
What hormone(s) controls hormones of the anterior pituitary gland
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
93
What hormone(s) from the anterior pituitary gland control gonadal hormones
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)
94
What are gonads (name them) and what do they produce
Testes and ovaries The produce gametes and reproductive hormones
95
Name the 3 categories of steroid hormones that gonads produce and secrete and give an example of each
1 - Androgens (Testosterone) 2 - Estrogens (Estrogen) 3 - Progestins (Progesterone)
96
Fill in the blank: The 3 categories of gonad producing steroid hormones are found in males and females but at ____________ levels
Different levels

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