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Lymphatic system (improved) Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system

A

Maintain the amount of IF fluid, return it back to the CV system, transport dietary lipids and certain organs provide site of surveillance for the immune system

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2
Q

What is the lymphatic system made up of

A

Lymphatics, Lymph, RBM and lymphatic tissue

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3
Q

What are lymphatics

A

Lymphatic capillaries, veins, trunks, ducts and vessels

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4
Q

What is lymph

A

Milky white fluid that contains WBC, fats, proteins and lipophilic molecules

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5
Q

True or false: Lymph tissue contains minimal lymphocytes

A

False: lymph tissue contains a high number of lymphocytes

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6
Q

How is RBM a part of the lymphatic system

A

It is responsible for making WBC which help defend the body

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7
Q

What is the circulation of lymph in the body

A

Lymphatic capillaries — lymphatic collecting vessels — lymph nodes — lymphatic trunks — lymphatic ducts — CV system

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8
Q

How/ where does IF become lymph

A

IF becomes lymph once it is in lymphatic capillaries

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9
Q

True or false: Lymph capillaries and blood capillaries are the same

A

False: They are similar

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10
Q

What is different about lymphatic capillaries vs blood capillaries

A

They are much more permeable, they only allow lymph to enter and not back out and they are not present in teeth, bone, bone marrow and CNS

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11
Q

How come lymph cannot flow out of the capillaries

A

The endothelial cells overlap and form one way valves (towards the heart)

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12
Q

What allows for fluid to enter the capillaries and how does this happen

A

Pressure change: The change in pressure pulls on the endothelial cell causing fluid to flow in.

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13
Q

Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins but how do they differ

A

They have thinner walls with a higher number of internal valves and can connect to adjacent vessels by anastomose.

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14
Q

True or false: Regular collecting vessels travel with arteries

A

False: Deep collecting vessels travel alongside arteries while regular collecting vessels travel alongside veins (more superficial)

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15
Q

What are the name of the 2 lymphatic ducts

A

Right lymphatic duct and thoracic lymphatic duct

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16
Q

What part of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain

A

Right upper shoulder area and the right side of the head and thorax

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17
Q

Where does the thoracic duct arise from

A

Cisterna Chyli

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18
Q

What is the cisterna chyli

A

Widening/ enlargement of lymphatic vessel

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19
Q

At what junction do the ducts empty lymph into venous circulation

A

Junction of the internal and subclavian vein on either side of the body

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20
Q

How does lymph circulate if it has no pump like blood does

A

Depends on the contraction of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles, respiration, arterial pulses and gravity

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21
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs

A

Red bone marrow and thymus

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22
Q

What originates in RBM

A

lymphocytes

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23
Q

What is the main function of the thymus

A

Maturation and specific programming of T cell lymphocytes

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24
Q

What happens after T cells leave the thymus

A

They circulate until they recognize their antigen and then carry out the appropriate immune response

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25
What do thymic lobes contain
Outer cortex and inner medulla
26
What does the outer cortex contain
Densely packed T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and epithelial cells
27
What are dendritic cells
Cells that help T cells become immunocompetent
28
What are epithelial cells
Cells that produce thymosin
29
What is thymosin
Protein that stimulates the production of T cells
30
What does the medulla contain
Fully matured T cells
31
True or false: The thymus continues growing as you age
False: It grows to a certain extent then starts to atrophy
32
True or false: The thymus is always active
True
33
What are the secondary lymphatic organs and what collectively occurs in this area
Lymph nodes, nodules and the spleen Immune response occurs in these areas
34
Why aren't nodules considered an organ
They have no connective tissue capsule
35
What are lymph nodes purpose
Filter lymph thanks to macrophages
36
True or false: Materials not filtered in the first node circulates the body and remains unfiltered
False: Materials not filtered in the first node will continue into the next node until completely filtered through
37
Why does an external capsule extend into the node
The create other routes for blood vessels if one gets blocked
38
True or false: Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes
True
39
Name some areas where you can find lymph nodes
Axillary, Inguinal, Popliteal and Cervical
40
True or false: Lymph leaving lymph nodes becomes less and less rich in lymphocytes
False: It becomes richer in lymphocytes since B and T cells multiply in the lymph nodes
41
Why do nodes swell
Infection or malignant disease
42
What drains the nodes
Antibodies produces by B cells
43
What is the largest lymphatic organ
Spleen
44
What is the MAIN function of the spleen
Bring blood into contact with lymphocytes
45
What are some other functions of the spleen
lymphocyte proliferation, immune surveillance and response, contains RBC's and platelets and stores breakdown products of RBC's for later use
46
True or false: The spleen contains a high number of WBCs
False: It contains a high # of RBCs. More than WBC and platelets
47
What are lymph nodules
small masses of tissue where lymphocytes are produced
48
Where are lymph nodules located
Anywhere that comes into contact with the outside world: Respiratory tract, Intestines, Urinary tract etc...
49
Why is MALT located in this area
Nodules don't contain a capsule so they do not filter lymph or connect to vessels therefor MALT is there to protect from invaders
50
What is the most simple lymphoid organ
Tonsils
51
True or false: Lymph nodules can form germinal center
True
52
What are germinal centers and what occurs there
Areas that contain a large number of immature lymphocytes. Proliferation of lymphocytes occurs in the germinal centers
53
True or false: Nodules are strategically placed
True
54
What is lymphadenopathy
Enlargement of lymph nodes
55
What is lymphadenopathy caused by
Infection, lymphomas and excess materials in lymph
56
What happens when tumor cells enter the capillaries
If not cleared by the first lymph node, they can spread to other nodes
57
What is lymphedema and what is it caused by
Excessive swelling in one area and its caused by an obstructed lymph vessel or enlarged tumors not related to the lymphatic system
58
What can be done to prevent the spread of infection in lymph nodes
Surgical removal of affected nodes
59
What is the immune system
The bodys way of protecting itself from foreign invaders
60
True or false: Our cells have "self" and "non self" markers
True
61
What are "self" markers
Indications to not attack those cells
62
What are non self markers
Attached to foreign invaders
63
What attacks these invaders (antigens)
Antibodies
64
What is an antigen
Anything capable of triggering an immune response
65
What can antigens come from
Pathogens
66
What structures recognize pathogens
Microbial structures and microbial toxins
67
What are some non infectious materials that can be recognized as non self
Allergens, foreign tissues + cells, the bodys own cells
68
Why is it dangerous for the body to attack its own cells
It could be attacking good cells
69
What are the 2 categories of the immune system
Innate and adaptive
70
Is innate specific or non specific and what does it mean
non specific - fights off any non self pathogen
71
Is adaptive specific or non specific and what does it mean
Specific - fights off one specific pathogen
72
What makes up the first line of defence
Skin, mucous membranes, secretion of skin and mucous membranes
73
what makes up the second line of defence
phagocytic WBC, antimicrobial proteins and inflammatory response

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