Diabetes

Question 1

What drugs indirectly cause diabetes

Answer 1

Glucocorticoids
Thiazide diuretic
Atypical antipsychotics
Antiretroviral therapy (protease inhibitors)

NB Glucocorticoids are no group of corticosteroids involved in carbohydrates, proteins, and fat metabolism. And Have an anti inflammatory activity

Question 2

Complications of diabetes

Answer 2

• Reduced life-expectancy – major causes of death
cardiovascular (70%), renal failure (10%)
• Macrovascular complications
– Ischaemic Stroke
– Miocardial infarction
– Peripheral arterial disease
• Microvascular complications
– Cataracts, Retinopathy
– Nephropathy
– Neuropathy (autonomic neuropathy, painful polyneuropathy)

Question 3

Metabolic syndrome diagnosis

Answer 3

• central obesity
• hypertension
• hyperglycaemia
• raised serum triglycerides
• low serum HDL

3 or more of these

Question 4

Insulin protocol for Type 1 diabetes

Answer 4

Short acting: Regular insulin 3times a day 30min before meals
Intermediate : once or twice daily, usually at night not later than 10pm
Biphasic: once or twice daily

Question 5

Metformin side effects

Answer 5

• Gastrointestinal disturbances (10-50 %)
– Loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhoea
– Less severe for extended-release formulation

• Lactic acidosis (0.05 cases/1000-patient-years)
- Due to inhibited conversion of lactate to glucose

• Reduced Vitamin B12 absorption

Question 6

What is the Whipples triad

Answer 6

1. Symptoms consistent with hypoglycemia
2. Low plasma glucose concentration
3. Relief of those symptoms after the plasma glucose level is
   raised