Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NURS232 > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

(74 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Type 1 DM

A

“juvenile-onset”
or “insulin-dependent”

Most often occurs under 30

Absent or minimal
insulin production
due to an autoimmune
process

Result of pancreatic beta cell destruction

Prone to ketoacidosis

Causes from autoimmune otherwise unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Type 1B DM Vs Type 1A DM

A

1B caused by nonimmune factors
of unknown (idiopathic) etiologies

1A caused by an immune mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When do manifestations of DM type1 appear?

A

when
the person’s pancreas can no longer produce insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Type 2 DM

A

by far, the most
prevalent type of DM, accounting for over 90% of patients with
DM

Usually occuring after 35

Pancreas produced insuffiencent insulin OR tissue does not respond to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lipodystrophy

A

(hypertrophy or atrophy of
subcutaneous tissue) may occur if the same injection sites are used frequently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Somogyi effect

A

Usually occurring during the hours
of sleep, the Somogyi effect is associated with a decline in
blood glucose level in response to too much insulin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Glycemic Index

A

is the term used to describe the rise in
blood glucose levels after a person has consumed carbohydrate-containing
food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute metabolic complication
of DM occurring when fats are metabolized in the absence
of insulin. It is caused by a profound deficiency of insulin and
is characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, metabolic acidosis,
and dehydration (volume depletion). It is most likely to occur
in people with type 1 DM but may be seen in type 2 DM in
conditions of severe illness or stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is diabetes increasing?

A

Yes, particularly type 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who are the most likely to develop DM?

A

Indigenous population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Type 2 diabetes is increasing?

A

Obesity rates rising
More sedentary lifestyles
People living longer
Increased immigration from high DM prevelant areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How was DM diagnosed in ancient times

A

Whether there was sugar in a persons urine (attracting ants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pioneer in DM treatment

A

Candian scientist “Banting”

Depancreatizing dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

DM used to be konwn as what type of disease

A

Wasting away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitis

A

Metabolic disorder characterized by presence of hyperglycmeia due to defective insulin secretion, defective insulin action OR both

Multisystem disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Classicifications of DM

A

Prediabetes
- Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impair fasting glucose (IFG)
FPG= 6.1-6.9 mmol/L

Type 1 DM

Type 2 DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Notmal Blood Glucose

A

4.0-6.0 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Blood glucose in a prediabetic state

A

Stays relatively high (above 6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

IGT

A

Impaired Glucose Tolerance
2 hour glucose levels bw 7.8 and 11.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

Develops during pregnancy

Usually no longer present after giving birth

Can present as type 1 or 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Secondary diabetes

A

Diebetic symptoms related to underlying condition i.e. pancreatic disease, endocrine pathologies, drugs/medical therapy

Cause abnormal blood sugar levels, usually is resolved when issue is solved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Diebetes Insipidus

A

Not diabetes at all
Nothing to do with pancreas or blood sugar

To do with kidneys, related to pit gland and management of Vasopressin

Pts have polyuria and polydipsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Metabolic Syndrome

A

Collection of risk factors increasing persons chance of developing CV disease and DM

Abdominal obesity
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia
Insulin resistance
Dysglycemia (Abnormalities in blood glucose levels)

Often in individuals with sedentary lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Primary prevention for Type 2: Modifiable risk factors
Obesity Physical inactivity HTN Abnormal cholesterol/lipid levels (Dyslipidemia)
26
Non- modifiable risk factors for type 2 DM
Age (usually over 45) Hx of gestational DM Family Hx Race/ethnicity
27
What is the bodys natural response to high blood sugar?
Hormonal regulation Releases insulin homrone to move blood sugar into cells to be utilized
28
Body's response to low blood sugar
Releases counter-regulatory hormones to bring BS up to compensate for normal eating patterns
29
Which cells in pancreas regulate insulin?
Beta Cells
30
What does insulin do?
Increases cellular uptake of glucose
31
Which cells regulate glucogon
Alpha cells
32
Role of Glucogon
Glucagon increases release of glucose by liver to increase blood sugar
33
Other hormones that work to increase blood glucose
Epinephrine Growth Hormone Cortisol Stimulate glucose output by the liver Decrease movement of glucose into cells Counter-regulatory hormones
34
When do we need stored glucose
Fasting, intense aerobic exercise
35
Basal rate of insulin
Constant supply of insulin that is necessary to regulate insulin, sets the baseline
36
Bolus release of insulin
After meals, body releases large dose of insulin to maintain blood sugar (meet needs of dietary intake)
37
Specifics of DM type 1
Acute symptoms Lack of insulin secretion Destruction of beta-cells resulting in decreased or absent insulin secretion Manifestation seen when 80%-90% of normnal beta-cell funciton is destroyed
38
Possible causes of DM type 1
Immune system disorder (genetic predispositon) Viral component working in combination with genetic Autoimmune disorder
39
Specificcs of type 2 DM
Insuline Resistance - Body tissues do not respond to Decreased responsiveness of beta cells to hyperglycemia Decreased abilty to produce insulin Inappropriate glucose production by liver (Not a primary factor) Alteration in production of hormones and cytokines by adipose tissue
40
Livers role in blood glucose regulation
Glucose and glucagon storage/release
41
Type 1 DM Presents
Pre-adolecents mainly Usually abrupt diagnosis - Present usually with Ketoacidosis (Very high blood sugar) Cachexic appearance (Gaunt, thin, wasting away) Often Diagnosis precipitated by stess or illness Often difficult to control BS
42
Type 2 DM Presents
Typically older age (Adult onset DM) Slow gradual onset Combination of genetic and environmental factors Oral hypoglycemics agents or insulin may be necessary Relatively stable BS
43
Diagnosis of DM (Labs)
done with blood test - Random Plasma Glucose Value Symptoms of DM RPGV: >/= 11.1mmol/L Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) >/= 7.0 mmol/L A plasma glucose value in the 2-h sample (2hPG) of a 75g oral glucose tolerance tst (OGTT) >/= 11.1 mmol/L (simulated test for insulin bolus) A1C>/=6.5% (In adults) A fasting plasma glucose
44
A1C test is of
The amount of glucose attatched to hemoglobin in the blood stream, should be below 6% in normal adults
45
Positive A1C DM test
>/= 6.5%
46
Type 1 DM Symptoms
Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia Weight loss Ketonuria & Ketoacidosis - Fruity breath, N/V, ABD pain - Very ill person - Weakness/fatigue - Visual changes
47
Type 2 DM symptoms
"Classic " manifestations w/ gradual onset Symptoms associated with prolonged hyperglycemia - Chronic blurred vision - Recurrent infections (Skin, vaginal yeast) - Neurophatic pain - No typical weight loss, often weight gain (especialy middle fat, possible thin limbs) *Often fatigue is the only symptom*
48
Goals for management of Diabetes
Reduce symtoms Prevent and manage acute complications Delay onset and progression of long term complications Attaining desierable wieght
49
GLycogen
Stored glucose in liver and muscle
50
Glucose
Source of energy in the body
51
Glucagon
Strongly opposes the action of insulin, stimulates conversion of flycogen to glucose
52
Gluconeogenesis
Making glucose from non-carb sources
53
Glycogenolysis
GLycogen breakdown to make glucose
54
Endogenous insulin
Insulin in the body made by the bodyEx
55
Exogenous insulin
Externally made insulin
56
4-7 BG
Is generally acceptable
57
What is a hemoglobin A1C
58
65-85% of people with DM will die of
Heart disease or stroke
59
What ethnic group is the most likely to develop DM
Indigenous
60
Hypoglycemia
Not enough glucose in the blood stream
61
Do DM 1 and DM 2 look different
Yes DM 2 - Usually caused by insulin resistance. Usually a slow and steady progression - Often fatigue is the only symptom
62
Type 2 DM
Gradual onset May have classic manifestations Symptoms associated with prolonged hyperglycemia (Chronic blurred vision, recurrent infections
63
ABCDESSS of Diabetes Care
A1C Targets BP targets Cholesterol Targets Drugs for CV and/or Cardio-renal protection Exercise Goals and healthy eating Screening for complications Smoking Cessation (Exacerbates CV issues) Self Management
64
Types of Insulin
Rapid - Lispro Short (Fast) Acting (Humulin R) Intermediate acting (Cloudy) - NPH Extended long acting (Cloudy) - Glargine Premixed (Cloudy) -
65
Why don't we massage an insulin injection site?
Affects absorption
66
When someone is sick does BS go up or down
Generally up, infections INCREASE hyperglycemia May need INCREASED insulin, unless risk of dehydration
67
How is diabetes diagnosed (Test)
Plasma BG test NOT a finger prick
68
How to treat DMs at risk of dehydration to to vomiting OR diarrhea?
Rehydrate appropriately (Water, broth, diet soft drinks, sugar free Kool Aid, diet Jello-O, avoid caffeinated beverages) Hold SADMANS meds. Restart once able to eat/drink normally
69
SADMANS meds *** KNOW THIS
[S sulfonylureas, other secretagogues A ACE-inhibitors D diuretics, direct renin inhibitors M metformin A angiotensin receptor blockers N non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs S SGLT2 inhibitors]
70
When DM type 1 are sick, if CBG> 14mmol/L what should they do?
Check urine for ketones
71
Exercise effect on BG
Increase glucose uptake Decreased insulin resistance
72
Effect of stress on BG
Increases insulin resistance and BG
73
Exercise Precautions
SMBG before and after Keeo log of activity and BG Avoid exercise when hypoglycemia is present Exercise 1-2 hr after meals Carry carbs and medic alert tag
74

NURS232 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions