Diabetes Flashcards
(55 cards)
What is Diabetes?
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose (sugar) due to the body’s inability to produce or effectively use insulin.
Examples of diabetes, the different types?
Type 1, Type 2, Gestational diabetes, Secondary diabetes (e.g. due to pancreatic injury) MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young) LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults)
What is insulin? Where should it be stored, and when to dispose of it?
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps glucose from the food we eat enter through the bloodstream into the body’s cells for energy. All carbohydrate foods are broken down into glucose in the blood.
Storage: Keep in the refrigerator (do not freeze).
Disposal: Check needle condition and expiration. Avoid using expired or improperly stored or sealed insulin.
- What are the different types of insulin with examples?
Rapid-acting: (e.g.Asparat, Glulisine, Lispro) are taken just before or with meals to quickly control blood sugar spikes after eating. Care must be taken to avoid overdose, which can lead to hypoglycemia.
Short-acting: (e.g.Actrapid, Humulin R, Insuman Rapid), also known as regular or neutral insulins, are usually taken before meals. They act more slowly than rapid-acting types and may be better suited for some individuals.
Intermediate-acting: (e.g., Humulin NPH, Protaphane, Insulatard) are often used with short-acting insulins. They begin working within an hour of injection and have a peak effect lasting up to 7 hours.
Long-acting: (e.g., Detemir, Glargine) are released steadily and can last up to 24 hours. They are usually taken in the morning or at bedtime.
What do the insulin treatment plans include?
Twice-daily: Combines short- and intermediate-acting insulins.
Basal-bolus regimen: Short-acting insulin with meals (often 3 times a day) + intermediate/long-acting insulin given once or twice daily. (evening or morning and evening)
How do you administer insulin?
Insulin is administered through injection, either with a syringe or an insulin pen, into the subcutaneous layer of fat under the skin
How to inject insulin s.c
9 RIGHTS of pharmacotherapy
Injection site: Where to inject?
Asepthic techniques, how to use a pen or syringe, how to clean are injection goes?
Needle condition check
Storing insulin in fridge/room temperature
Cloudy insulins need rolling/turning, clear ones do not!
Keep needle 10 secs inside subcut. tissue=fat before taking it out
90 degree ankle when injecting (needle is short!)
Evaluating safety of insulin treatment with client (dementia, alcohol abuse)
What is the difference between Diabetes type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes?
Type 1: Autoimmune reaction where the body’s defense systems attacks the insulin-producing cells. The body produces very little to no insulin requiring daily insulin injections or you could die.
Type 2: The body does not make good use of the insulin it produces.
Gestational: High blood glucose during pregnancy, associated with complications for mother and child, usually disappears after pregnancy but increases risk of type 2 diabetes later in life for both mother and child.
What are the risk factors and causes of diabetes type 1?
Exact cause not known, but linked to genetics and environmental triggers. Risk factors include family history, being overweight, not being breast-fed, being first-born, caesarean birth, and having an older or obese mother. Can develop at any age, most frequently in children and adolescents.
What are the risk factors and causes of diabetes type 2?
Overweight, physical inactivity, poor diet, family history, increasing age, hypertension, ethnicity, history of gestational diabetes, poor nutrition during pregnancy, and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).
What is IGT, Impaired glucose tolerance?
Also known as pre-diabetes, is a condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes
What are the other types of diabetes that exist?
Secondary Diabetes: From conditions like pancreatic diseases.
MODY: Genetic form, early onset, autosomal dominant, caused by mutations in insulin-regulated genes.
LADA: Autoimmune, adult onset, slow progression, with GAD-antibodies in blood.
What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia?
Symptoms include weakness, palpitations, shaking (shaky hands), pale face, sweating, dizziness, blurred vision, hunger, mood swings, headache, and feeling of absence.
What is hypoglycemia?
Hypoglycemia happens when the level of sugar (glucose) in your blood drops below the range that’s healthy for you. It’s also called low blood sugar or low blood glucose. Hypoglycemia is common in people with diabetes, especially Type 1 diabetes.
What is the blood glucose level in hypoglycemia?
Blood glucose: <4 mmol/L in diabetics or less than 3.4 mmol in healthy persons.
What is the emergency treatment for hypoglycemia?
- Give a snack (20g carbohydrate) such as 1dl of juice, fruit(banana), honey 2tbs, 8 pieces of glucose tablets, or 8 pieces of sugar.
- If symptoms do not ease in 10 minutes, give more snacks.
- If unconscious, call emergency number and administer Glucagen®-pen into the muscle if available.
- Patient may receive 10% glucose solution intravenously by paramedics.
Do not give anything orally to unconscious person. If nothing else available, wipe strong sugary liquid carefully on mucous membrane in mouth.
What is the non-emergent treatment for hypoglycemia?
Eat or drink 15 grams of fast-acting carbs to raise blood sugar. After 15 minutes, check blood sugar. If still below 70 mg/dL (3.9mmol/l), have another 15 grams of fast-acting carbs. Repeat until blood sugar is at least 70 mg/dL.
What causes hypoglycemia?
Taking too much insulin, wrong insulin, injecting into muscle instead of fat, not timing insulin and carb intake correctly, taking too much oral diabetes medications, being more active than usual, or drinking alcohol without eating.
What are the complications of hypoglycemia?
multiple organ failure, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, permanent brain damage, coma, and death
What is hyperglycemia?
Hyperglycemia is a condition characterized by too much sugar (glucose) in the blood, also known as high blood sugar or high blood glucose.
What are the symptoms of hyperglycemia?
excessive thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision, and slow healing cuts and sores.
What blood glucose level indicates risk of ketoacidosis?
Risk of ketoacidosis is usually when blood glucose is >13.9 mmol/L or more with acidosis.
What are the reading of high and low blood glucose?
Blood glucose:
high blood sugar: 10.0–13.9 mmol/l
very high blood sugar: > 13.9 mmol/l
What are emergency treatments for hyperglycemia?
Emergency treatments include fluid resuscitation (patient is dehydrated) , electrolytes (potassium can be low) , insulin treatment im/iv, correcting metabolic acidosis(corrects itself with fluids and insulin), monitoring and frequent blood samples, -Urinary catheter, nasogastric tube if necessary, and finding the cause of hyperglycemia.
Non-emergency treatments are similar to those of diabetes type 2.
