Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medical nursing > Kidney Diseases > Flashcards

Kidney Diseases Flashcards

(67 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Cornerstones in the care of chronic kidney failure patients

A

Effective blood pressure control, Protein and phosphate restriction in diet, Good glucose control in diabetics, Correction of acidosis and anemia, Vitamin D supplementation, Regular nephrology visits (every 6–12 months), Avoiding nephrotoxic medications and preventing infections, Smoking cessation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a kidney?

A

Kidneys are bean-shaped organs vital for filtering waste and excess water from the blood, producing urine, and maintaining the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. Remove waste products and drugs
  2. Regulate fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance (together with the lungs)
  3. Control red blood cell production (formation of erythropoietin)
  4. Control blood pressure (via hormone release)
  5. Regulate calcium and phosphate metabolism
  6. Production of vitamin D
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name parts of the kidney.

A

Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter, calyces, nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 8 vital signs?

A
  1. Body Temperature
  2. Pulse Rate
  3. Respiration Rate
  4. Blood Pressure
  5. Blood Oxygen (SpO2)
  6. Blood Glucose Level
  7. Urine Output
  8. Weight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is AKI (Acute Kidney Injury) and how is it identified?

A

AKI is a sudden decline in kidney function within hours or days, detected by a rise in creatinine (Cr) and/or decrease in urine output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of AKI?

A
  • Low urine output
  • Increased serum creatinine
  • Weight gain
  • Swelling, SOB, pulmonary edema
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Pleural fluid collection
  • Hyperkalemia, uremia, coagulation issues

It can occur without symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 classifications of AKI?

A

The three classifications of AKI (RIFLE) are:
1. Risk
2. Injury
3. Failure
4. Loss (Outcome)
5. End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

-The severity criteria of AKI are defined on the basis of the changes in sCr or UO where the worst of each criterion is used. Page 18 and 19 for the picture in detail.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the normal range of creatinine levels in men?

A

Men: 0.7–1.3 mg/dL (61.9–114.9 µmol/L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the normal range of creatinine levels in women?

A

Women: 0.6–1.1 mg/dL (53–97.2 µmol/L)

Women often have a lower creatinine level than men. This is because women often have less muscle mass than men. Creatinine level varies based on a person’s size and muscle mass.

Women often have a lower creatinine level than men due to having less muscle mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the central cause in AKI?

A

The central cause is the sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the central problems associated with AKI?

A

Fluid balance disturbances, metabolic acidosis, high potassium level, uremia (buildup of urea and other waste products in the body) , and coagulation problems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are pre-renal factors causing AKI?

A

Hypoperfusion (reduced blood flow to the kidney) of the kidneys via condition like hypotension, hypovolemia, sepsis, surgery, and low cardiac output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are renal factors causing AKI?

A

Infections and nephrotoxic drugs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are post-renal factors causing AKI?

A

Obstruction, such as from prostate issues or tumors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What changes in serum levels occur in acute kidney injury?

A

Serum creatinine, urea, potassium, and phosphate levels are elevated, while calcium levels are lowered.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which is more precise for assessing kidney function: GFR or serum creatinine?

A

GFR is more precise than serum creatinine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the quickest way to check for kidney issues?

A

Protein in urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is oliguria?

A

is the medical term for low urine output or peeing less than you expect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is proteinuria?

A

Protein in urine; an early sign of kidney damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the types of proteinuria?

A

Transient -Occurs with dehydration, stress, heavy exercise, fever & subsides on its own.

Orthostatic - Loses protein via urine only while standing and never while sleeping.

Persistent - consistent presence of protein in urine from kidney disease, diabetes and high BP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the symptoms of proteinuria?

A

Often asymptomatic, but may include frequent urination, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, tiredness, lack of appetite, frothy, foamy or bubbly urine, edema, muscle cramping at night, and puffiness around the eyes especially in the morning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How is proteinuria tested?
Through urine sample tests, including dipstick test, protein electrophoresis and microscopic and visual examinations, and 24-hour urine collection, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, Blood tests, kidney scanned to detect stones, tumors etc, kidney biopsy.
26
What are the key prevention strategies for AKI?
Adequate hydration too little fluid leads to fluid loss, hypotension, shock then AKI and too much fluid leads to fluid overload, oedema, hypotension, reduced oxygenation). Avoiding nephrotoxic drugs (NSAIDs, contrast agents) Monitoring creatinine levels, urine output and catheter monitoring Avoid furosemide in AKI unless necessary as it form sediment easily with other drugs.
27
What are the short-term treatments for AKI?
Identify and correct the cause, IV fluid therapy, maintain BP >100 mmHg, correct electrolyte disturbances, Urinary catheter if careful measuring is needed, furosemide IV with caution of fluid overload.
28
What are the long-term treatments for AKI?
Monitor renal recovery- controlling vital signs, plasma electrolytes, creatinin, blood gas, (myoglobin), GFR, urine sample for infection, protein, blood, ECG 12 lead, chest x-ray, ultrasound of kidneys, calculating fluid balance, daily weight Avoid nephrotoxins Consider dialysis if indicated
29
Pharmacological treatments for AKI
Electrolyte replacement, correct acidosis
30
Non- pharmacological treatments
Fluid balance, dietary changes
31
What is chronic kidney injury (CKI)?
Gradual kidney damage over months or years.
32
What are the causes of chronic kidney injury?
Diabetes especially diabetic nephropathy, hypertension, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, age, and blockades in the urinary system.
33
What are the symptoms of chronic kidney injury and chronic kidney disease?
Initially asymptomatic. Later: anemia but no daily symptoms yet. CKFailure symptoms: low urine output, hypertension, fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling, weight gain, lack of appetite, catabolic state (protein catabolism), low calcium level, high phosphate level, metabolic acidosis, neuropathy. ## Footnote Uremia: Buildup of toxic waste products in the body, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, skin symptoms like itching and cramps, bleeding easily.
34
What is uremia
Uremia: Buildup of toxic waste products in body is normally caused by longer term renal failure but can develop in acute renal failure too. Also means urine in blood.
35
Uremia symptoms
Uremia symptoms: Nausea, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, skin symptoms like itching and cramps, bleeding easily.
36
What is kidney failure?
Kidney failure is the loss of kidney function. ## Footnote Causes: CKD progression, diabetes, hypertension, infections, obstruction of urinary tract, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, membranous nephropathy, vesicoureteral reflux, nephrotic syndrome, diabetes-related nephropathy.
37
Causes of kidney failure.
CKD progression, diabetes, hypertension, infections, obstruction of urinary tract. Glomerulonephritis, Polycystic kidney disease, Membranous nephropathy, Nephrotic syndrome, Diabetes-related nephropathy.
38
What are the risk factors for kidney failure?
Age, family history of kidney disease, nephrotoxic drugs, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, abnormal kidney structure or size, over 60 years old, long history of NSAID use.
39
What are the symptoms of kidney failure?
Pallor, breathlessness, altered cognition, anorexia, taste disturbances, polyuria, oliguria, nocturia, proteinuria, hematuria, peripheral edema, uremic breath.
40
What are the treatments for chronic kidney failure?
Non-pharmacological: diet (low protein, phosphate, potassium), fluid management, avoid nephrotoxic agents, lifestyle changes avoid smoking, regular nephrology visits 6-12 months. Treat blood pressure effectively, blood glucose balance with diabetic patients, Pharmacological: anemia correction with erythropoietin, iron supplements, correction of acidosis with medication (calcium carbonate), vitamin D, phosphate binding medicine, antihypertensives, diuretics, statins, dialysis or transplant if end-stage.
41
What are the main aims for treating kidney failure?
Slow disease progression, manage symptoms, prevent complications, maintain quality of life, replace kidney function (dialysis or transplant).
42
What is dialysis?
Dialysis is a way of cleaning your blood when your kidneys can no longer do the job. It gets rid of your body's wastes, extra salt and water, and helps to control your blood pressure.
43
What kinds of dialysis exist?
There are two main kinds, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
44
What is Peritoneal Dialysis?
Peritoneal Dialysis uses the inside lining of your belly as a natural filter to clean your blood. Wastes are removed using a cleansing fluid called dialysate, which is cycled in and out of the belly.
45
How does Peritoneal Dialysis work?
Fluid exchanges draw waste from blood via osmosis/diffusion and it is self-managed by the patient. Research the question and answer more.
46
What is Intermittent Hemodialysis (IHD)?
IHD is done 3 times a week for 4–5 hours at a time, where blood is filtered through a machine via a fistula.
47
What are the characteristics of Intermittent Hemodialysis?
It removes waste and fluid, is normally done in a hospital, and can be done at home with extensive education or independently in a hospital-based unit.
48
What are the risks associated with Intermittent Hemodialysis?
The most common complications include hypotension, cramps, nausea, and headache.
49
What is Hemodialysis treatment in chronic kidney failure?
Hemodialysis in CKF involves fluid restriction, weight and blood pressure checks (dialysis fluid 36C), and strict dietary control. Medicines with smaller dose! Given at the end of dialysis Diabetics: blood glucose controls Lifesaving treatment in ESRD (end stage renal disease) Requires fistula, BP/weight monitoring
50
What dietary restrictions are required for patients undergoing Hemodialysis?
Patients must follow a strict diet regarding protein, phosphate, calcium, potassium, and salt intake.
51
What is the role of a nurse in preventing chronic kidney failure?
Nurses can help prevent CKF by controlling blood pressure and blood sugar, avoiding nephrotoxins, and conducting regular screenings for at-risk groups.
52
What can be done to prevent acute kidney failure?
To prevent AKI, nurses should monitor fluids, medications, and labs and recognize issues early.
53
What is the nurse's role in managing kidney failure?
The nurse's role includes education e.g on possible signs to watch out for in order to prevent further damage, a treatment plan and how to adhere to it , monitoring e.g vital signs, lab values, early signs of complications, and catheter care.
54
How can acute and chronic kidney failure be detected in patients?
monitoring urine output, lab tests (Creatinine, urea, electrolytes), imaging (Ultrasound, X-ray), and GFR calculation.
55
What are the diagnosis and examinations necessary to determine acute and chronic kidney failure?
Blood tests (s-Creatinine, urea, GFR), urinalysis (Protein, blood, infection), imaging (Kidney ultrasound), and ECG or chest X-ray if complications are suspected.
56
What is the emergency response and first aid for kidney failure?
Immediate fluid/electrolyte management for AKI and monitoring for hyperkalemia and acidosis for CKF. Call emergency services for altered mental status or severe fluid overload.
57
What are the complications of acute and chronic kidney failure/kidney injury?
Common acute complications in patients with chronic kidney injury are: Fluid retention, elevated blood potassium level, metabolic asidosis, low blood calcium level, high phospate level, problems with D-vitamin metaboly, anemia. AKI: (Hyperkalemia, acidosis, uremia, fluid overload) CKD:(Cardiovascular disease, bone disorders, anemia, electrolyte imbalance). Causes include diabetes, hypertension, obstruction, and nephrotoxic drugs.
58
What is the care plan, nursing assessment, and nursing interventions for a patient with acute kidney injury and chronic kidney failure?
monitoring vitals, labs, and urine output; maintaining fluid/electrolyte balance; preventing infections, pay special attention to catheters; managing anemia and nutrition; and lifestyle management (Advice on exercise, weight management, and smoking cessation) Educating about disease and treatments -- Increased knowledge of risks associated with NSAIDs and education on treatment options including transplant, home dialysis, in-center dialysis, and active medical management without dialysis.
59
Describe the patient education and Self-management/ monitoring information that can be given to patients living with acute and chronic kidney diseases?
Fluid and diet control, Blood pressure monitoring, Medication adherence, Recognizing symptoms (edema, fatigue),Daily weight monitoring, Regular follow-ups and vaccinations
60
What should patients living with kidney diseases be educated about regarding fluid and diet control?
Patients should limit fluid intake to prevent fluid overload which can lead to swelling and high blood pressure and adjust their diet to limit sodium, potassium( to avoid dangerous arrhythmias), phosphorus ( to protect bones and blood vessels), and protein. Dietitians can provide personalized plans.
61
Why is blood pressure monitoring important for patients with kidney diseases?
Regular blood pressure checks at home help prevent worsening kidney damage. Proper technique and target ranges should be discussed with healthcare providers.
62
What is the importance of medication adherence for kidney disease patients?
Patients must take medications as prescribed, including blood pressure medicines (ACE inhibitors), phosphate binders, diuretics, and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, while avoiding over-the-counter NSAIDs.
63
What symptoms should patients recognize as warning signs of worsening kidney function?
Patients should identify symptoms such as swelling (edema), increased fatigue or weakness, nausea or decreased appetite, and changes in urination patterns (volume colour, frequency).
64
How can daily weight monitoring help kidney disease patients?
Daily weight monitoring can indicate fluid retention. Patients should weigh themselves at the same time each morning and report significant changes to their healthcare provider.
65
What is the role of regular follow-ups and vaccinations for kidney disease patients?
Routine check-ups are critical for monitoring kidney function and adjusting treatment. Vaccinations like influenza, pneumococcal, and hepatitis B are recommended to prevent infections.
66
What are the symptoms of exacerbated acute and chronic kidney failure?
fluid retention, shortness of breath (SOB), hyperkalemia, acidosis, and uremia symptoms such as nausea and confusion.
67
What treatments are available for exacerbated acute and chronic kidney failure?
emergency dialysis, electrolyte correction, IV fluids or diuretics as needed, and hospital monitoring.

Medical nursing (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions