Diabetes

Question 1

L1: Continued production of ______ is associated with decreased development of complications.

Answer 1

C-peptide

Question 2

L1: The _____ pathway involves high influx of glucose into cells that may result in osmotic oxidative stress.

Answer 2

Polyol

Question 3

L1: What antibodies are typically tested for in type 1 diabetes?

Answer 3

Anti-GAD (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase)

Question 4

L1: What is the most common acute complication of diabetes?

Answer 4

Hypoglycemia

Question 5

L1: Which drug? Increase beta cell insulin secretion by binding to ATP-sensitive potassium channels

Answer 5

Sulfonylureas

Question 6

L1: Which drug? Secretagogues that enhance insulin secretion, decrease glucagon secretion, decrease appetite, and decrease gut motility

Answer 6

GLP-1 agonists

Question 7

L1: Which insulin product cannot be mixed with other insulins?

Answer 7

Glargine

Question 8

L1: Which insulin product is cloudy?

Answer 8

NPH

Question 9

L1: Which long-acting insulin must be administered twice daily?

Answer 9

Detemir

Question 10

L2: What are complications for babies of diabetic mothers?

Answer 10

Increased risk of type 2 diabetes; macrosomia

Question 11

L2: What are the target glucose levels for diabetic patients for random and pre-meal levels?

Answer 11

Less than 180; 70-130

Question 12

L2: What are two genetic factors in T1D.

Answer 12

HLA-DR3/4; VNTRs in the insulin gene

Question 13

L2: Which drug? Activate PPAR-gamma to increase insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

Answer 13

Thiazolidinediones

Question 14

L2: Which drug? Can cause hypoglycemia, weight gain, and hemolytic anemia; contraindicated with sulfa allergy

Answer 14

Sulfonylureas

Question 15

L2: Which drug? Decrease renal reabsorption of glucose to increase glucose excretion

Answer 15

SGLT-2 inhibitors

Question 16

L2: Which drug? Increase insulin secretion, decrease glucagon secretion, no effects on appetite or GI motility/secretions

Answer 16

DPP-4 inhibitors

Question 17

L2: Which drug? Potentiates insulin effects on hepatic glucose production

Answer 17

Metformin

Question 18

L2: Which drug? Weight gain, contraindicated with CHF, liver disease, or high CV risk

Answer 18

Thiazolidinediones

Question 19

L2: Which drug? Weight loss, BP lowering, UTIs, hypovolemia, hypokalemia, possible effects on bone metabolism

Answer 19

SGLT-2 inhibitors

Question 20

L2: Which drug? Weight loss, expensive, must be injected

Answer 20

GLP-1 agonists

Question 21

L2: Which drug? Weight neutral, nasopharyngitis, headache

Answer 21

DPP-4 inhibitors

Question 22

L2: Which drug? Weight neutral, no risk of hypoglycemia, GI side effects, contraindicated in CHF, renal impairment, and metabolic acidosis

Answer 22

Metformin

Question 23

L2: Which pathologic pattern? Autosomal dominant disease linked to mutations in mitochondrial genes and the glucokinase gene

Answer 23

Maternal Onset Diabetes of the Young

Question 24

L2: Which pathologic pattern? Gastroparesis, sexual dysfunction, hypostatic hypotension, hypoglycemia unawareness, neuropathic in nature

Answer 24

Autonomic neuropathy

Question 25

L2: Which pathologic pattern? Stocking glove distribution of neuropathy, +/- pain, superficial paresthesias, deep gnawing

Answer 25

Distal symmetric polyneuropathic

Question 26

L2: Which pathologic pattern? Vascular occlusion to a single nerve distribution

Answer 26

Mononeuritis Multiplex

Question 27

L2: Which T2D drugs are contraindicated in pancreatitis?

Answer 27

DPP-4 inhibitors

Question 28

L3: Name 4 autoantigens in T1D.

Answer 28

Insulin; GAD; Zn transporter; Tyrosine Phosphatase-like protein

Question 29

L3: Which T2D drugs are associated with weight gain?

Answer 29

Sulfonylureas, Thiazolidinediones

Question 30

L3: Which T2D drugs are contraindicated in CHF?

Answer 30

Metformin; Thiazolidinediones

Question 31

L3: Which T2D drugs are contraindicated in renal insufficiency

Answer 31

Use sulfonylureas with caution, SGLT-2 inhibitors, metformin

Question 32

L3: Which T2D drugs have higher hypoglycemia risk?

Answer 32

Sulfonylureas, GLP-1 agonists