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NURS 3313 > Diabetes and Insulin > Flashcards

Diabetes and Insulin Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

increased levels of glucose in the blood

A

hyperglycemia

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of diabetes?

A

Type 1, Type 2, Secondary, and Gestational

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3
Q

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by?

A

Loss of beta cell function and absolute insulin dependency

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4
Q

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by what?

A

insulin resistance and a relative lack of insulin

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5
Q

In the U.S., diabetes is the highest leading cause of what?

A

Non-traumatic amputations

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6
Q

How many cases of diabetes are considered Type 1?

A

less than 5-10% of all cases

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7
Q

What are some common risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes?

A

obesity, family history, history of gestational diabetes, hypertension

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8
Q

What is a major sign of Type 1 Diabetes?

A

extreme and rapid weight loss

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9
Q

a highly acidic substance formed when the liver breaks down free fatty acids in the absence of insulin

A

ketone bodies

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10
Q

acute complication of Type 1 Diabetes

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

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11
Q

acute complication of Type 2 Diabetes

A

hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS)

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12
Q

What are the major complications associated with Type 2 Diabetes?

A

eye disease, peripheral neuropathy, and peripheral vascular disease

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13
Q

What’s the biggest preventative measure for Type 2 Diabetes?

A

lifestyle changes

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14
Q

“Three Ps”; indicate onset of Type 1 Diabetes

A

polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

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15
Q

What is the criteria for a diabetes diagnosis?

A

Symptoms of diabetes (3 Ps), fasting glucose >/= 126, random glucose >/= 200, HgbA1C >/= 6.5%

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16
Q

Why is exercise so important for diabetics?

A

It reduces cardiovascular risk factors

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17
Q

What is considered the cornerstone of diabetes management?

A

blood glucose monitoring

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18
Q

When should ketones be checked in Type 1 Diabetics?

A

BG > 240 2x in a row, during illness

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19
Q

What are the pharmacologic therapy options for diabetes?

A

insulin therapy and oral antidiabetic agents

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20
Q

What is the most effective first line treatment for Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Metformin (Glucophage)

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21
Q

reflects average blood sugar levels for a 3 month period; should be kept below 7

A

Hemoglobin A1C

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22
Q

What is the goal of diabetes management?

A

normalize blood glucose levels to prevent complications

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23
Q

occurs when blood glucose falls below 70 mg/dL

24
Q

What are the main symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Study These Flashcards
A

sweating, tremors, tachycardia, palpitations, nervousness, hunger

25
CNS is so impaired that that patient needs assistance of another person for treatment
severe hypoglycemia
26
How should an alert patient with hypoglycemia be treated?
1. 15-20 grams of fast acting, concentrated carbs (i.e., glucose tabs, juice/soda, etc.) 2. Follow with a small snack (starch and protein) 3. Recheck BG in 15 minutes and repeat steps if necessary
27
How should an unconscious patient with hypoglycemia be treated?
1. Injection of 1 mg of glucagon IM (can take up to 20 minutes for them to regain consciousness) 2. Follow with 15 grams of concentrated carbs and a snack
28
What should occur if a hospitalized patient is NPO, on swallow precautions, or is unconscious becomes severely hypoglycemic?
They should be given a 25-50 mL of D50W IVP
29
What should be done if a diabetic patient is undergoing surgery and there are no orders the morning of to hold insulin?
Notify the provider
30
How is BG controlled in diabetic patients undergoing surgery?
They are given an insulin infusion of regular insulin and dextrose
31
Which long-term complication is more common in Type 1 Diabetes?
Kidney disease
32
Which long-term complication is more common in Type 2 Diabetes?
cardiovascular complications
33
changes in medium to large blood vessels
macro-vascular complications
34
What are the 3 macro-vascular diseases?
coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease
35
capillary membrane thickening (affects mainly the retinas and kidneys)
micro-vascular complications
36
diabetic retinopathy
leading cause of blindness among people 20-74 years of age in the U.S.
37
kidney disease secondary to diabetic micro vascular changes; common complication
nephropathy
38
How is nephropathy treated?
dialysis and kidney transplant
39
condition affecting nerves of the lower extremities; initial symptoms of tingling, heightened sensation, and burning
peripheral neuropathy
40
rapid acting insulin
lispro
41
If a patient is given rapid acting insulin, within how long should they eat?
5-15 minutes after injection
42
Which insulin type has the effect most like endogenous insulin in response to a meal?
rapid acting insulin
43
How does rapid acting insulin's duration compare to that of regular insulin?
shorter duration at about 2-4 hours
44
short acting insulin
regular (Humulin-R)
45
When should regular insulin be given?
15 minutes before a meal
46
What's the key point about short acting insulin to remember?
it "covers" the increase in glucose after meals
47
What can short acting insulin NOT be mixed with?
long-acting insulin (glargine and glulisine)
48
used to maintain blood glucose levels in Type 1 Diabetics; can be intermediate or long-term
basal insulin
49
intermediate acting insulin
NPH
50
What is the duration of intermediate acting insulin?
16-20 hours
51
What is the onset of intermediate acting insulin?
2-4 hours
52
very long acting insulins
glargine (lantus) and detimir
53
Which insulin cannot be mixed?
very long acting insulins
54
When should very long acting insulins be administered?
Once per day at the same time
55
Why is insulin so often given in the abdomen?
Easy accessibility, absorbed at a more consistent rate

NURS 3313 (8 decks)

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