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NURS 3313 > Pulmonary Disorders > Flashcards

Pulmonary Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

How do you calculate pack years?

A

of packs smoked per day x # of years smoked

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2
Q

What is the biggest contributor to respiratory illness?

A

smoking

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3
Q

What are the common symptoms of pulmonary issues?

A

dyspnea, cough, sputum production, chest pain, wheezing, and hemoptysis

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4
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

shortness of breath

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5
Q

What causes a cough?

A

inflammation of mucous membranes in the respiratory tract

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6
Q

What are common causes of a cough?

A

asthma, GERD, infection, medication side effects

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7
Q

What should be noted about sputum?

A

the color, consistency, and odor

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8
Q

Referred chest pain can present where?

A

neck, back, and abdomen

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9
Q

Chest pain may occur with what conditions?

A

pneumonia, pulmonary emboli, pleurisy, and lung cancer

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10
Q

high-pitched, continuous, musical sound in the lungs

A

wheezing

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11
Q

What does wheezing on expiration indicate? Inspiration?

A

expiration = asthma
inspiration = bronchitis

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12
Q

What is hemoptysis?

A

coughing up blood

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13
Q

What are the common causes of hemoptysis?

A

pulmonary infection, lung cancer, PE, vessel and artery abnormalities

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14
Q

Clubbing of the fingers can be a sign of what conditions?

A

chronic hypoxic conditions, chronic lung infections, lung cancer

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15
Q

Cyanosis is a late symptom of what condition?

A

hypoxia

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16
Q

non-musical, discontinuous sounds on inspiration

A

crackles

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17
Q

What may crackles indicate?

A

HF, pulmonary fibrosis, obstructive pulmonary disease

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18
Q

What causes crackles?

A

fluid in the airway

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19
Q

What are wheezes caused by?

A

changes in airway diameter

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20
Q

What may cause wheezing?

A

bronchospasm, asthma, chronic bronchitis

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21
Q

discontinuous, low-pitched, rubbing sounds heard on inspiration and expiration

A

friction rub

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22
Q

What causes friction rub?

A

loss of lubricating pleural fluid

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23
Q

continuous, high-pitched, musical sound heard over the neck

A

stridor

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24
Q

What causes stridor?

A

airway narrowing

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25
Q

Which of the adventitious sounds is considered an emergent situation?

A

stridor - pt may need to be intubated

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26
Q

evaluates lung mechanics, gas exchange, and acid-base disturbance

A

Pulmonary Function Test (PFT)

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27
Q

What should be held prior to a pt undergoing a PFT?

A

bronchodilators

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28
Q

decreased pH, decreased bicarb

A

metabolic acidosis

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29
Q

increased pH, increased bicarb

A

metabolic alkalosis

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30
Q

decreased pH, increased bicarb

A

respiratory acidosis

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31
Q

increased pH, decreased bicarb

A

respiratory alkalosis

32
Q

assess the ability of the lungs to provide adequate oxygenation, remove CO2, and maintain and normal pH

A

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

33
Q

When should cultures be obtained?

A

prior to starting antibiotic therapy

34
Q

aspiration of fluid and air from pleural space

A

Thoracentesis

35
Q

tube inserted down the throat to view the lungs

A

bronchoscopy

36
Q

infection and inflammatory reaction of the lungs

A

pneumonia

37
Q

pneumonia acquired from a community setting or within 48 hours post-hospitalization

A

Community-Acquired Pneumonia

38
Q

pneumonia in a non-hospitalized pt that has extensive contact with various healthcare things (i.e., long term care facility, dialysis patient, etc.)
OR pt that was in the hospital for 2+ days in the last 90 days of infection

A

Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia

39
Q

pneumonia in a hospitalized patient that develops 48 hours or more after admission

A

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia

40
Q

pneumonia that develops 48 hours or more after endotracheal intubation

A

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

41
Q

How can ventilator-associated pneumonia be prevented?

A
  • Elevating HOB to at least 30 degrees
  • Oral care with chlorhexidine daily
  • Daily sedation vacations
  • Peptic ulcer disease prophylaxis
  • DVT prophylaxis
42
Q

What are some underlying disorders that put people at higher risk for pneumonia?

A

heart failure, diabetes, alcoholism, COPD, AIDS, cancer, influenza, cystic fibrosis

43
Q

What are some risk factors of pneumonia?

A

smoking, neutropenia, prolonged immobility, depressed cough reflex, ET tube, intoxication, sedation, advanced age, URI

44
Q

What are common clinical manifestations of pneumonia?

A

fever, chills, pleuritic chest pain, tachypnea, SOB, accessory muscle use, HA, cough, fatigue

45
Q

What is a risk factor older adults will display with pneumonia?

A

change in mental staus

46
Q

What are the V/S classifications for being “hemodynamically” unstable?

A
  • Temp > 100
  • HR > 100
  • RR > 24
  • SBP < 90
  • O2 Sat < 90%
47
Q

What are the nursing interventions for the removal of secretions in pneumonia patients?

A

hydration, humidification, turning/positioning, and deep breathing/coughing

48
Q

systemic response to infection

A

sepsis

49
Q

signs of sepsis

A
  • Temp > 100.4
  • HR > 90
  • RR > 20
  • WBC > 12,000
50
Q

circulatory imbalances occur and are profound

A

septic shock

51
Q

What is the best way for older adults to prevent pneumonia?

A

receiving both the influenza vaccine and pneumococcal (PPSV) vaccine

52
Q

inhalation of foreign substance into the lung

A

aspiration pneumonia

53
Q

chronic inflammation and hypersecretion of mucus, narrowing of airways occurs

A

COPD

54
Q

presence of cough and sputum production for at least three months in each of 2 consecutive years

A

chronic bronchitis

55
Q

impaired O2 and CO2 exchange resulting from destruction of walls of over distended alveoli

A

emphysema

56
Q

What is the cause of most COPD and emphysema cases?

A

tobacco use

57
Q

What are the three primary symptoms of COPD?

A

chronic cough, sputum production, and dyspnea

58
Q

What is a physical assessment finding in COPD?

A

barrel chest

59
Q

What adventitious sound is found in COPD?

A

expiratory wheeze

60
Q

What are two major complications of COPD?

A

respiratory insufficiency and respiratory failure

61
Q

What are the possible acute exacerbations of chronic COPD?

A

severe bronchospasm and pneumonia

62
Q

abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heart as a result of disease of the lungs

A

cor pulmonale

63
Q

What are the pharmacological therapy options for COPD management?

A

bronchodilators and corticosteroids, oxygen therapy may also become necessary

64
Q

What is the breathing pattern of a patient with COPD?

A

shallow, rapid, and inefficient

65
Q

What breathing exercise is recommended for COPD patients?

A

diaphragmatic breathing

66
Q

What breathing exercise is recommended for emphysema pts?

A

pursed lip breathing

67
Q

How does pursed lip breathing work?

A

prolongs exhalation and prevents the collapse of small bronchioles

68
Q

chronic inflammatory disease of the airways

A

asthma

69
Q

common causes of asthma

A

airway hyperresponsiveness, mucosal edema, and excessive mucus production

70
Q

common seasonal allergies

A

grass, tree, weed pollens

71
Q

common perennial allergies

A

mold, dust, animal dander

72
Q

Major complications of asthma

A

status asthmaticus, respiratory failure, pneumonia, and hypoxemia

73
Q

Quick relief meds for asthma treatment

A

beta-2 adrenergic agonists and anticholinergics

74
Q

Long-acting medications for asthma treatment

A

corticosteroids, long-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonists, leukotriene modifiers

75
Q

What should be done after administering inhaled medications?

A

mouth should be rinsed to prevent thrush

NURS 3313 (8 decks)

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