Pulmonary Disorders Flashcards by Kerigan O'Kelley

How do you calculate pack years?

of packs smoked per day x # of years smoked

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What is the biggest contributor to respiratory illness?

smoking

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What are the common symptoms of pulmonary issues?

dyspnea, cough, sputum production, chest pain, wheezing, and hemoptysis

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What is dyspnea?

shortness of breath

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What causes a cough?

inflammation of mucous membranes in the respiratory tract

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What are common causes of a cough?

asthma, GERD, infection, medication side effects

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What should be noted about sputum?

the color, consistency, and odor

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Referred chest pain can present where?

neck, back, and abdomen

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Chest pain may occur with what conditions?

pneumonia, pulmonary emboli, pleurisy, and lung cancer

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high-pitched, continuous, musical sound in the lungs

wheezing

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What does wheezing on expiration indicate? Inspiration?

expiration = asthma
inspiration = bronchitis

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What is hemoptysis?

coughing up blood

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What are the common causes of hemoptysis?

pulmonary infection, lung cancer, PE, vessel and artery abnormalities

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Clubbing of the fingers can be a sign of what conditions?

chronic hypoxic conditions, chronic lung infections, lung cancer

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Cyanosis is a late symptom of what condition?

hypoxia

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non-musical, discontinuous sounds on inspiration

crackles

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What may crackles indicate?

HF, pulmonary fibrosis, obstructive pulmonary disease

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What causes crackles?

fluid in the airway

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What are wheezes caused by?

changes in airway diameter

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What may cause wheezing?

bronchospasm, asthma, chronic bronchitis

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discontinuous, low-pitched, rubbing sounds heard on inspiration and expiration

friction rub

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What causes friction rub?

loss of lubricating pleural fluid

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continuous, high-pitched, musical sound heard over the neck

stridor

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What causes stridor?

airway narrowing

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Which of the adventitious sounds is considered an emergent situation?

stridor - pt may need to be intubated

evaluates lung mechanics, gas exchange, and acid-base disturbance

Pulmonary Function Test (PFT)

What should be held prior to a pt undergoing a PFT?

bronchodilators

decreased pH, decreased bicarb

metabolic acidosis

increased pH, increased bicarb

metabolic alkalosis

decreased pH, increased bicarb

respiratory acidosis

increased pH, decreased bicarb

respiratory alkalosis

assess the ability of the lungs to provide adequate oxygenation, remove CO2, and maintain and normal pH

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

When should cultures be obtained?

prior to starting antibiotic therapy

aspiration of fluid and air from pleural space

Thoracentesis

tube inserted down the throat to view the lungs

bronchoscopy

infection and inflammatory reaction of the lungs

pneumonia

pneumonia acquired from a community setting or within 48 hours post-hospitalization

Community-Acquired Pneumonia

pneumonia in a non-hospitalized pt that has extensive contact with various healthcare things (i.e., long term care facility, dialysis patient, etc.) OR pt that was in the hospital for 2+ days in the last 90 days of infection

Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia

pneumonia in a hospitalized patient that develops 48 hours or more after admission

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia

pneumonia that develops 48 hours or more after endotracheal intubation

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

How can ventilator-associated pneumonia be prevented?

- Elevating HOB to at least 30 degrees - Oral care with chlorhexidine daily - Daily sedation vacations - Peptic ulcer disease prophylaxis - DVT prophylaxis

What are some underlying disorders that put people at higher risk for pneumonia?

heart failure, diabetes, alcoholism, COPD, AIDS, cancer, influenza, cystic fibrosis

What are some risk factors of pneumonia?

smoking, neutropenia, prolonged immobility, depressed cough reflex, ET tube, intoxication, sedation, advanced age, URI

What are common clinical manifestations of pneumonia?

fever, chills, pleuritic chest pain, tachypnea, SOB, accessory muscle use, HA, cough, fatigue

What is a risk factor older adults will display with pneumonia?

change in mental staus

What are the V/S classifications for being "hemodynamically" unstable?

- Temp > 100 - HR > 100 - RR > 24 - SBP < 90 - O2 Sat < 90%

What are the nursing interventions for the removal of secretions in pneumonia patients?

hydration, humidification, turning/positioning, and deep breathing/coughing

systemic response to infection

sepsis

signs of sepsis

- Temp > 100.4 - HR > 90 - RR > 20 - WBC > 12,000

circulatory imbalances occur and are profound

septic shock

What is the best way for older adults to prevent pneumonia?

receiving both the influenza vaccine and pneumococcal (PPSV) vaccine

inhalation of foreign substance into the lung

aspiration pneumonia

chronic inflammation and hypersecretion of mucus, narrowing of airways occurs

COPD

presence of cough and sputum production for at least three months in each of 2 consecutive years

chronic bronchitis

impaired O2 and CO2 exchange resulting from destruction of walls of over distended alveoli

emphysema

What is the cause of most COPD and emphysema cases?

tobacco use

What are the three primary symptoms of COPD?

chronic cough, sputum production, and dyspnea

What is a physical assessment finding in COPD?

barrel chest

What adventitious sound is found in COPD?

expiratory wheeze

What are two major complications of COPD?

respiratory insufficiency and respiratory failure

What are the possible acute exacerbations of chronic COPD?

severe bronchospasm and pneumonia

abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heart as a result of disease of the lungs

cor pulmonale

What are the pharmacological therapy options for COPD management?

bronchodilators and corticosteroids, oxygen therapy may also become necessary

What is the breathing pattern of a patient with COPD?

shallow, rapid, and inefficient

What breathing exercise is recommended for COPD patients?

diaphragmatic breathing

What breathing exercise is recommended for emphysema pts?

pursed lip breathing

How does pursed lip breathing work?

prolongs exhalation and prevents the collapse of small bronchioles

chronic inflammatory disease of the airways

asthma

common causes of asthma

airway hyperresponsiveness, mucosal edema, and excessive mucus production

common seasonal allergies

grass, tree, weed pollens

common perennial allergies

mold, dust, animal dander

Major complications of asthma

status asthmaticus, respiratory failure, pneumonia, and hypoxemia

Quick relief meds for asthma treatment

beta-2 adrenergic agonists and anticholinergics

Long-acting medications for asthma treatment

corticosteroids, long-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonists, leukotriene modifiers

What should be done after administering inhaled medications?

mouth should be rinsed to prevent thrush

Pulmonary Disorders Flashcards

(75 cards)