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DIABETES MELLITUS Flashcards

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1
Q

A very complicated disorder and a chronic, metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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2
Q

It involves abnormalities in insulin production and/or function

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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3
Q

What is the normal blood sugar?

A

80-100 mg/dl

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4
Q

If more than >100 mg/dl it means

A

Hyperglycemia

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5
Q

If below 80 mg/dl it means

A

Hypoglycemia

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6
Q

It is a life threatening and it will lead to cardiac arrest

A

Hypoglycemia

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7
Q

Islands of cells scattered throughout the pancreas

A

Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)

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8
Q

Responsible for endocrine function or pancreas

A

Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)

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9
Q

What are the types of cells in Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)

A
  1. Alpha Cell
  2. Beta Cell
  3. Delta Cell
  4. F cell
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10
Q

It is a type of cells that secretes glucagon

A

Alpha Cell

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11
Q

It is a type of cell secretes somatostatin

A

Delta Cell

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11
Q

It is a type of cells that secretes insulin

A

Beta Cell

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12
Q

It is a type of cell that secretes pancreatic polypeptide

A

F cell

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13
Q

What are the Functions of Insulin?

A
  1. Glucose Metabolism
  2. Glycogenesis
  3. Lipid Synthesis
  4. Protein Synthesis
  5. Lipolysis
  6. Glycogenolysis
  7. Gluconeogenesis
  8. Satiety
  9. Hunger Sensation
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14
Q

What functions of insulin that will INCREASE?

A

-Glycogenesis
- Glucose Metabolism
- Protein Synthesis
- Lipid Synthesis
-Satiety

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15
Q

What functions of insulin that will DECREASE?

A

-Glycogenolysis
-Gluconeogenesis
- Lipolysis
- Hunger Sensation

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16
Q

Facilitates entry of glucose from the bloodstream into muscle and fat cells

A

Glucose metabolism

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17
Q

Conversion of extra glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles

A

Glycogenesis

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18
Q

Cells to convert extra glucose into fat

A

Lipid Synthesis

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19
Q

Formation of protein from amino acids

A

Protein Synthesis

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20
Q

Fat breakdown

A

Lipolysis

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21
Q

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

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22
Q

Glucose formation from non-CHO precursors

A

Gluconeogenesis

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23
Q

-Acute onset
- Usually occurs before age 30 years
- Patient appears thin
- Insulin dependent type

Study These Flashcards
A

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (DM 1)

24
It's etiology is a destruction of Beta Cells
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (DM 1)
25
-Slow Onset - Occurs after age 30 years - Patient is usually obese - Non-insulin- dependent type
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DM 2)
26
It's etiology is insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DM 2)
27
What are the classical signs of DM?
Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia
28
Increased frequency and volume of urine
Polyuria
29
Increased Thirst
Polydipsia
30
Increased appetite
Polyphagia
31
Test for DM
1. Casual Plasma Glucose (Cappilary), Random 2. Fasting Plasma Glucose 3. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) 4. Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1
32
What the normal range of Casual Plasma Glucose?
80-99 mg/dl
33
What's the normal range of Fasting Plasma Glucose?
80/99 mg/dl
34
What's the normal range of Oral Glucose Tolerance Test?
<140 mg/dl
35
What's the normal range of Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1
Less than or equal to 5.7%
36
Prediabetes is determined if the Fasting Plasma Glucose Test Result is ranging from
100 to 125 mg/dl
37
Prediabetes is determined if the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) results is
140 to 199 mg/dl
38
Prediabetes is determined if the Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1-c) result is
5.7% to 6.4%
39
DM is diagnosed if patient has
-Classical signs + Plasma Glucose or -Two abnormal screening tests
40
What's the medical management of type 1 DM?
(I-DEMo) I-Insulin Therapy D- Dietary modification E-Exercise MO-Monitoring
41
What's the medical management of Type 2 DM?
(DEMOHI) D- Dietary Modification E- Exercise M- Monitoring OH- Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (OHA) I- Insulin, if unresponsive to non-insulin treatment
42
Types of Insulin
Rapid-Acting Short-Acting Intermediate-Acting Long-Acting
43
Uses synthetic human insulin genetically engineered from E.coli or yeast cells
Insulin
44
Insulin doses is prepared by
"UNITS"
45
What's the route of insulin?
- Generally Subcutaneous - Intravenous for Regular Insulin ONLY
46
What type of syringe must be used when preparing doses from multi-dose virals?
Use INSULIN Syringe
47
Special Considerations of INSULIN
1. Peaks + Plates= Food during PEAK times 2. No Peak, No Mix= Long-acting cannot be mixed with other insulins 3. Regular Insulin= Ready for IV
48
What types of insulin is this? Insulin aspart (NovoRapid) Insulin glulisine (Apidra)
Rapid-acting Insulin
49
What types of insulin is this? Regular Insulin (Humulin-R)
Short-Acting Insulin
50
What types of insulin is this? NPH (Humulin-N)
Intermediate-Acting Insulin
51
What types of insulin is this? Insulin glargine (Lantus/Toujeou)
Long-Acting Insulin
52
What alters insulin molecule?
Heat and Freezing
53
In use insulin vials and pens
ROOM Temperature for up to 4 weeks
54
Unopened insulin vials and pens
Stored in the REFRIGERATOR
55
Pre-filled insulin syringe considerations
-Prefilled syringes with two different insulins are stored in refrigerator for up to 1 week ONLY. -Prefilled syringes with only one type of insulin are stored in refrigerator for up to 30 days ONLY. -Store in a vertical position with needle pointed up (to avoid clumping of suspended insulin in the needle) -Before injection, gently roll prefilled syringes between the palms 10 to 20 times (to warm the insulin and resuspend the particles)
56
What's the route of Insulin Administration?
-Subcutaneous -Regular Insulin can be given IV -PO is contraindicated because insulin is inactivated by gastric acid
57
Nursing Responsibility of Insulin Administration
Teach patients to rotate the injection within one anatomic site, such as the abdomen, for at least 1 week before using a different site, such as the right thigh – to prevent lipodystrophy
58
What's the possible site for insulin?
-Back portion of arms - Abdominal Area - Thigh Area

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