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ENDOCRINE DISORDERS Flashcards

1
Q

Master Gland of the body

A

Pituitary Gland

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2
Q

Pituitary Gland is divided into the:

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland
Posterior Pituitary Gland

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3
Q

Other term for pituitary gland is

A

Hypophysis

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4
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

Anterior PG

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5
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Posterior PG

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6
Q

Controlled by the hypothalamus

A

Pituitary Gland

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7
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Inside the head (Sella Turcica)

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8
Q

What are the pituitary hormone in Anterior?

A

-Prolactin
-Growth Hormone (GH)
-Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
-Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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9
Q

What are the pituitary hormone in posterior?

A

-Antidiuretic Hormone
- Oxytocin

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10
Q

An excessive secretion or production of one or more of the hormone produced by the pituitary gland

A

Hyperpituitarism

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11
Q

What inhibits prolactin production?

A

Dopamine

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12
Q

What stimulates prolactin production?

A

Estrogen

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13
Q

Occurs in isolation or together with GH excess

A

Prolactinoma

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14
Q

Most common pituitary tumor (40%)

A

Prolactinoma

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15
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Prolactinoma

A

-Erectile dysfunction
- Loss of Libido
- Galactorrhea
-Amenorrhea
-Gynecomastia
-Unable to Reproduce

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16
Q

What are the management of Prolactinoma?

A

-Bromocriptine (dopamine agonist)
-Hypophysectomy (surgical removal of pituitary)

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17
Q

Also known as somatotropin

A

Growth Hormone

18
Q

It stimulates tissue growth

A

Growth Hormone Excess

19
Q

Antagonizes insulin

A

Growth Hormone Excess

20
Q

Growth Hormone excess in children

21
Q

Growth Hormone excess in adult

A

Acromegaly

22
Q

This results from excessive GH production before the fusion of epiphyseal plates in long bones

23
Q

Cause of Gigantism

A

Somatotropinas: GH- producing pituitary adenomas

24
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Gigantism?

A

-Towering height
- Overgrowth of face, extremities
-Headaches
-Maxilla/Mandible protrusion

25
Complications of Gigantism
-CV: Hypertension in children - Ortho: Osteoarthritis - Metabolic: Diabetes mellitus
26
A rare condition characterized by overproduction of growth hormone (GH) after the appearance of the epiphyseal line in long bones
Acromegaly
27
Cause of Acromegaly
Somatotropinomas: GH-producing pituitary adenomas
28
Clinical Manifestations of Acromegaly
-Enlarged hands and feet - Skull enlargement -Macrognathia- jaw protrusion and enlargement - Increased spacing of teeth - Forehead protrusion -Organomegaly -Cardiomegaly - Nephromegaly - Vocal cord enlargement- slow, deep voice -Joint pain, thickened skin, vision problems -Excessive sweating, hirsutism
29
Diagnostic Tests of Growth Hormone Excess
-Insulin-like Growth Factor-1(IGF-1) - Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
30
Normal level of Insulin
135-449 ng/ml
31
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
-Baseline GH levels are obtained before ingestion of 75-or 100-gm oral glucose -GH levels are then measured at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes -Acromegaly: GH > 0.4 mcg/L
32
Medical Management of Growth Hormone Excess
-Ocreotide acetate -Sandostatine agonist - Reduces GH and IGF-1 to normal by stopping GH production -Bromocriptine -Dopamine agonist - Used if unresponsive to octreotide or if tumor affects prolactin level
33
Surgical Management of Growth Hormone Excess
-Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy -Removal of the pituitary gland -Treatment of choice for small pituitary tumors
34
Post-Operative Care for Patients S/P Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy
-Position: Low- fowlers position (30- degrees) at all times to reduce pressure on sella turcica and decrease headaches -Provide mouth care q4H to keep surgical area clean and free of debris -Avoid toothbrushing for at least 10 days to protect suture line -Instruct patient to avoid vigorous coughing, sneezing, and straining at stool to prevent cerebrospinal fluid leakage -WOF CSF Leak: clear nasal discharge, persistent and severe generalized or supraorbital headache -Resolves within 72 hours
35
A rare disorder that involves a decrease in or more of the pituitary hormones
Hypopituitarism
36
-Deficiency of one pituitary hormone - Most common cause: pituitary adenoma
Selective hypopituitarism
37
-Total failure of the pituitary gland that results to deficiency of all pituitary hormones -Most common cause: pituitary adenoma
Panhypopituitarism (Simmond's disease)
38
-Hypopituitarism caused by postpartum pituitary necrosis -Cause: postpartum hemorrhage
Sheehan's syndrome
39
If the cause is pituitary adenoma
Go Look For The Adenoma Sequence of Loss -Growth Hormone -Luteinizing Hormone -Follicle- stimulating Hormone -Thyroid-stimulating Hormone -Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
40
Management of Hypopituitarism
-Hormone Replacement - Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy for small tumors

MS 2 (27 decks)

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