Diagnosis and Classification AO1 & AO3

Question 1

What are the 2 types of classification?

Answer 1

ICD-10

DSM-5

Question 2

What does the DSM-5 require for a diagnosis of Sz?

Answer 2

One positive symptom of Sz

Question 3

What does the ICD-10 require for a diagnosis of Sz?

Answer 3

2 or more negative symptoms of Sz

Question 4

What classification recognises subtypes of Sz?

Answer 4

ICD-10

Question 5

What are the positive symptoms of Sz?

Answer 5

additional experiences beyond those of ordinary experience

E.g. Hallucinations, Delusions

Question 6

What are negative symptoms?

Answer 6

Involve the loss of a usual experience eg. clear thinking or normal levels of motivation

• Avolition - Speech Poverty

Question 7

Define Hallucinations

Give 2 examples of hallucinations

Answer 7

unusual sensory experiences - may have relations to events in the environment but not always

E.G. hearing voices talking to/commenting on the sufferer, distorted facial expressions

Question 8

Define Delusions

Give 2 examples

Answer 8

Irrational beliefs that take on any form

E.G. believing they are being persecuted, believing they are a historical/religious figure

Question 9

What can some delusions lead to?

Answer 9

aggression

Question 10

Define Avolition

Answer 10

Finding it difficult to begin or keep up with goal-directed activity

Question 11

What are the 3 signs of avolition according to Andereason?

Answer 11

1) Poor Hygiene/Grooming
2) Lack of persistence at work
3) Lack of energy

Question 12

Define Speech Poverty

Answer 12

Changes in speech patterns - reduction in amount and quality of speech

Question 13

Why does the diagnosis of Sz have poor reliability?

Answer 13

Cheniaux concluded that inter-rater reliability was poor b/c they found that one psychiatrist diagnosed 26 people with the DSM and 44 using ICD, while the other diagnosed 13 using DSM and 24 using ICD

So diagnosis relies heavily on interpretation of the psychiatrist so poor reliability

Question 14

How are there cultural biases in the diagnosis and classification of Sz?

Answer 14

In other cultures, like African ones, hearing voices may be considered as normal b/c of the cultural belief in communicating with ancestors.
This can led to irrational reports of experiences from psychiatrists, especially since it is also thought that White psychiatrists often distrust the honesty of black people during diagnosis