Digestion 1 Flashcards
(107 cards)
2
Q
What is the sole purpose of the digestive system?
A
Extract useful nutrients from ingested food and fluids
3
Q
The digestive system is simply a “long tube” going through the body. What is the name given to this “tube”?
A
Alimentary canal
4
Q
The ‘alimentary canal’ consists of 6 parts. What are they?
A
- Oral cavity
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
5
Q
The digestive system has organs which are not part of the alimentary canal, but aid in digestion. What is the general name of all of these organs?
A
Accessory organs
6
Q
There are 6 accessory organs that aid in digestion. What are they?
A
- Pancreas
- Gallbladder
- Liver
- Salivary glands
- Teeth
- Tongue
7
Q
What is ‘enteritis’, and what is it commonly called and caused by?
A
Inflammation of the intestinal mucosal lining.
Commonly called intestinal flu.
Caused by viruses, bacteria, or certain foods.
8
Q
What is the common meaning for ‘deglutition’?
A
Swallowing
9
Q
What are some of the characteristics of the ‘oral cavity’? (There are 6 of them)
A
- Ingest food
- Receive saliva
- Mastication
- Digestion of carbohydrates
- Formation of ‘bolus’ (food mass)
- Deglutition (swallowing)
10
Q
What are some of the characteristics of the ‘pharynx’? (There are 3 of them)
A
- Receive bolus from oral cavity
- Autonomically continues deglutition of bolus
- Passes to ‘esophagus’
11
Q
What are some of the characteristics of the ‘esophagus’? (There are 2 of them)
A
- Moves bolus to stomach via peristalsis (muscle moving waves)
- Esophageal sphincter restricts back-flow of food
12
Q
Which sphincter restricts the back-flow of food from the esophagus to the pharynx?
A
Esophageal sphincter
13
Q
What is ‘peristalsis’?
A
The movement of a bolus via the muscles in the esophagus/intestines.
14
Q
What are some of the characteristics of the ‘stomach’? (There are 7 of them)
A
- Receives bolus from esophagus
- Churns bolus w/ gastric juice and forms chyme
- Digestion of proteins
- Limited absorption
- Chyme moves to duodenum
- Back-flow of chyme prohibited
- Can vomit
15
Q
What is ‘chyme’?
A
Chemical breakdown of a bolus when mixed with gastric juices
16
Q
What are some of the characteristics of the ‘small intestine’? (There are 5 of them)
A
- Receives chyme from stomach
- Chemically/Mechanically breaks down chyme
- Absorbs nutrients
- Transports wastes via peristalsis to large intestine
- Prohibits back-flow of intestinal wastes from large intestine
17
Q
What are some of the characteristics of the ‘large intestine’? (There are 4 of them)
A
- Receives undigested waste from small intestine
- Absorbs water and electrolytes
- Forms and stores feces
- Expels waste via defecation reflex
18
Q
Where does digestion start and how?
A
Starts in the mouth with saliva and is broken down into smaller particles
19
Q
Mastication (chewing) is important because it does what to the food? Why is this important?
A
Increases the surface area of the food
Rate of digestion depends on the total surface area exposed
20
Q
There are 3 processed involved with digestion that start in the mouth. What are they?
A
- Mastication (chewing)
- Food is lubricated w/saliva
- Digestion starts w/amylase
21
Q
What does ‘amylase’ do?
A
ONLY breaks down starch/carbohydrates
22
Q
What do the salivary glands secrete, and where do they secrete?
A
- Saliva
2. Buccal cavity
23
Q
Saliva contains a substance that acts as an antibiotic. What is it?
A
Lysozyme
24
Q
Saliva secretion is stimulated by 3 things. What are they?
A
- Taste
- Smell
- Tactile stimuli w/tongue
25
Q
What is the daily amount of saliva secretion?
A
800-1500 ml
26
What is the pH of saliva?
7-Jun
27
What is the percentage of H2O and solutes in saliva?
```
H2O = 99.5%
Solutes = 0.5%
```
28
True of False:
The salivary glands are under sympathetic control.
FALSE
Salivary glands are under PARASYMPATHETIC control
(Rest/Digest)
29
There are 3 paired glands involved in saliva secretion. What are the 3 paired glands?
1. Large parotid
2. Submandibular gland
3. Sublingual gland
30
Which two salivary glands secrete both serous and mucous enzymes?
1. Submandibular gland
| 2. Sublingual gland
31
What salivary gland secretes only serous fluid-enzymes?
Large Parotid
32
What are the characteristics of 'mumps'?
Viral disease of the parotid salivary gland
33
What are the characteristics of 'parotitis' disease?
Inflammation of parotid gland
34
What are the characteristics of 'ptyalocele' disease?
Cystic tumor of a salivary gland
35
How many taste buds do humans have? How many taste cells are there per bud?
4000 Taste buds
30-100 Taste cells/bud
36
What type of receptors are involved in taste?
Chemoreceptors
37
The esophagus is a 'thin' muscular tube that moves food from the ________ to the _______.
Pharynx to the Stomach
38
How long is the 'esophagus'?
10-12 inches long
39
Where is the 'esophagus' located behind?
the trachea
40
The lower end of the esophagus has a sphincter that is called by two names. What are they?
1. Cardiac sphincter
| 2. Gastroesophageal sphincter
41
The esophageal sphincters prevent what from entering into the esophagus?
Stomach acid
42
What are some of the characteristics of 'heartburn'?
Regurgitation of gastric contents into esophagus
Epithelial layer is 'burned' away
(G.E.R.D) - Gastro Esophagial Reflux Disorder
43
What is the definition of 'achalasia'?
Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) fails to relax.
44
Someone with 'achalasia' will have which of the following symptoms? (There are 4 of them)
1. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
2. Substernal pain (mimics angina)
3. Food may remain in esophagus for hours
4. Possible regurgitation into pharynx
45
What are the characteristics of 'angina'?
Painful constriction or tightness somewhere in the body
46
What are some of the causes of 'achalasia'? (There are 3 of them)
1. Abnormal parasympathetic stimulation
2. Drinking cold liquids
3. Excess gastrin secretion
47
What are some of the management solutions for possible 'achalasia'?
Ruling out possible heart problems
Surgery or use of special dilating balloon to expand esophagus
48
What is the scientific name for an esophageal tumor and what are the characteristics of them?
Carcinoma
Obstruction of the esophagus
Accounts for about 2% of all cancer deaths in the U.S.
49
What does 'nitroglycerin' do?
Causes smooth muscle to relax
50
'Nitroglycerin' can help two specific disorders. What conditions are they?
1. Angina (Problem w/heart)
| 2. Achalasia (Failure for muscle to relax)
51
Having a Hiatal Hernia has four common characteristics. What are they?
1. Dysphagia (difficult swallowing)
2. Heartburn
3. Epigastic pain
4. Gastroesophageal reflux
52
How long does it take the stomach to empty into the small intestines after eating a meal?
2-4 Hours
53
Why does very little absorption take places in the stomach?
Because tight junctions between epithelial cells line the stomach.
54
Which 3 substances are very common in the absorption in the stomach?
1. Aspirin
2. Alcohol
3. Water
55
What functions do the 'parietal cells' in the stomach have?
1. Secrete HCl
| 2. Secrete intrinsic factor
56
HCl that is secreted from parietal cells have what function in the stomach?
Kills bacteria in food
| Converts pepsinogen to pepsin
57
'Intrinsic factor' that is secreted from parietal cells in the stomach have what function?
Allows ileum of small intestine to absorb 'VITAMIN B12'.
'VITAMIN B12' is required for 'erythropoiesis'
58
What functions do the 'mucus cells' in the stomach have?
Secrete mucus
Protects the stomach lining
59
What functions do the 'zymogenic cells' (chief cells) in the stomach have?
Secrete pepsinogen
In acidic conditions. Pepsinogen becomes pepsin.
60
What does the 'pepsin' enzyme do?
Digests proteins
61
Zymogenic cells are also called what kind of cells?
Chief cells
62
What are some of the characteristics of 'pyloric stenosis'?
Narrowing of pyloric sphincter
Projectile vomiting = 3-4 feet
Males = 5/1000
Females = 1/1000
Caused by enlargement of circular muscle fibers
63
What is the main treatment for 'pyloric stenosis'?
A 'pyloromyotomy'.
Muscle cells are split and separated.
64
What are all ulcers usually generally called?
Peptic ulcers
65
Peptic ulcers are usually caused when the stomach, esophagus or duodenum is attacked and digested by what TWO enzymes?
1. HCl
| 2. Pepsin
66
Where does a gastric ulcer occur?
Stomach
67
Where does a duodenal ulcer occur?
First part of the small intestine (Duodenum)
68
Where does a esophageal ulcer?
Lower part of the esophagus
69
There are 7 causes for peptic ulcers. What are some of them?
1. Stress
2. Poor eating habits
3. Excess vagal stimulation
4. Hypersecretion of HCl/Pepsin
5. Hypersecretion of adrenal coriticoids
6. Lack of mucus
7. Presence of irritating chemicals (steroids, anti-inflammatory agents, caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, or aspirin)
70
Approximately what percentage of the population has peptic ulcers?
10%
71
How are peptic ulcers usually treated?
Diet/drugs
Sometimes surgery
72
What drug helps ulcers by blocking H2 receptors in the stomach thus decreasing secretion of HCl?
Tagamet (#1 drug for over 10 yeras)
73
__% of all peptic ulcers are caused by ___________ ______?
1. 80%
| 2. Helicobacter pylori
74
In order to kill H. Pylori, what treatment is usually necessary?
3 different antibiotics taken 3 times a day
75
__% patients who are infected with H. Pylori will develop an ulcer in their lifetime.
20%
76
How does vomiting occur?
The relaxation of the cardiac sphincter
Strong contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles
77
Vomiting may be caused by 6 different things, what are some of them?
1. Toxic food
2. Gagging
3. Excessive distension of the stomach
4. Intense pain
5. Dizziness
6. Sight or smell of things unpleasant to the person
78
Vomiting is considered to be a _______ mechanism that does what?
1. Defense mechanism
| 2. Get rid of hazardous waste
79
What is the 'small' intestine called small?
Because of the 'diameter'
80
How long is the small intestine?
20 feet
81
What are the characteristics of intestinal juice? (Color/Amount/pH)
1. Color = CLEAR
2. Amount = 1000-2000 ml/day
3. pH = 7.6
82
What percetage of digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine?
90%
83
What are the glands that secrete mucs to protect the small intestine from gastric juice?
Brunner's Glands
84
The small intestine is separated into three different division, what are the three divisions and how long is each one?
1. Duodenum (10-12 inches)
2. Jejunum (8 feet)
3. Ileum (12 feet)
85
Which division of the small intestine dumps into the large intestine?
Ileum
86
The small intestine produces 3 enzymes to help digest the three major food materials.
What are the 3 enzymes and what food material do they digest?
1. Peptidase - PROTEINS
2. Carbohydrase - CARBOHYDRATES
3. Lipase - FATS or LIPIDS
87
Small intestine receives external secretions from 2 other accessory organs. What are the 2 accessory organs?
1. Pancreas
| 2. Gall bladder
88
What is the large intestine also known as?
Colon
89
The large intestine is divided structurally into 3 parts. What are the 3 parts?
1. Cecum
2. Colon
3. Anal canal
90
What is the function of the ileocecal valve in the large intestine?
Prevent backflow to the ileum (small intestine)
91
The colon (large intestine) is separated into 4 sections. What are the 4 sections?
1. Ascending colon
2. Transverse colon
3. Descending colon
4. Sigmoid colon
92
Where is the appendix located and what is it attached to?
Located in the large intestine
| Attached to the cecum
93
What are the 3 functions of the large intestine?
1. Absorption of water/electrolytes
2. Storage
3. Expulsion of feces from digestive
94
What is diarrhea?
Intestinal wall becomes irritated and peristalsis increases
Lack of absorption of water
helps body rid of infectious organisms.
95
What are the 2 major causes of diarrhea?
1. Infection of lower GI tract
| 2. Nervous stimulation
96
True or False:
Laxatives should be used whenever needed. The body can not become dependent on laxatives.
FALSE
Laxatives should ONLY be used when necessary because the body CAN become dependent on laxatives.
97
Constipation usually results from a diet that lacks what 2 things?
1. Water
| 2. Roughage
98
This helps provide increased regularity and MAY also help protect the body from colon cancer.
Fiber
99
There are 4 major types of laxatives. What are the 4 major types and what are some examples of the types?
1. Bulk Laxatives - Bran/Fiber
2. Lubricants - Mineral Oil
3. Mineral Salts - Magnesium. (Are not absorbed, increase osmotic pressure of fecal material)
4. Irritants - Speed up peristalsis
100
The appendix does not function in humans is prone to infection. In other animals what is it's function?
Home for bacteria that digest cellulose
101
What are some of the symptoms of appendicitis?
1. Severe pain in the right abdominal region
| 2. Tenderness/Swelling
102
If appendicitis is left untreated, what might occur?
Appendix may burst and cause infection to spread (Gut to Ab cavity)
103
What is 'peritonitis'?
When the appendix bursts and causes infection to spread from gut to lining of ab cavity
104
Irritable bowel syndrome is also often called __________.
Spastic colitis
105
What are the characteristics and causes of 'Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)'?
1. Abdominal discomfort
2. Irregular bowel function
3. Loud gurgling sounds
Caused by emotional stress
106
What is a colostomy?
Surgical procedure in which an abdominal exit is made for the colon. *(Colon bypass or 'bag')
107
What is dysentery?
Inflammation of intestinal mucosa with bleeding and mucus discharge with the stools.
108
Lipase breaks down fasts into what?
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
