Digestion and macronutrients Flashcards

Question

Importance of fiber

Answer 1

VFAs stop growth of some pathogens Butyrate is preferred energy source for colon epithelial cells Required for normal GI function in all species Both physical properties and VFA production are important Helps maintain normal fecal consistency

Answer 2

Fiber speeds intestinal transit in dogs with slow or normal transit Fiber slows transit in dogs with rapid intestinal transit Maintains stool quality- size and consistency

Answer 3

In dogs, an increase in fibre is typically used to treat colitis In cats, fibre can be used to help manage constipation

Answer 4

substances that selectively promote growth of beneficial bacteria

Answer 5

Many are types of dietary fiber made from oligosaccharides Fructooligosaccharides Pectic oligosaccharides Not digested by mammalian enzymes Preferentially by fermented by beneficial microbes Bacterial fermentation of fiber creates short chinese fatty acids Provides 70% of the energy needed by enterocytes May be added to foods to promote gut health

Answer 6

Solid at room temp Generally saturated fatty acids

Answer 7

Fats Oils Many are triglycerides Lipids are energy dense (8.5 kcal/g)

Answer 8

Liquid at room temp Mostly unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 9

Most common lipid in diet Canola or soybean oil, animal fats Transported from the small intestine in the lymphatics

Answer 10

More rapidly hydrolyzed in the small intestine than long chain triglycerides Transported in the portal vein Small component of common diets Coconut oil is a good source Used therapeutically in monogastrics When there are problems in digesting long chain triglycerides To boost brain function

Answer 11

Saturated Unsaturated Trans saturated

Answer 12

No double bond Tallow (animal fat) about 40% saturated

Answer 13

Type fo unsaturated lipid One double bond Olive, avocado, sunflower, canola, sunflower oils .50% monounsaturated

Answer 14

Type of Unsaturated lipid Several double bonds Found many plant oils Fish oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids

Answer 15

Artificial fats made when plant fats are hydrogenated Hydrogen atoms added in an unnatural manner Block normal metabolism in the body

Answer 16

An energy source More than twice the energy density of carbohydrates Supplies 60% of body's energy needs at rest Stored as adipose tissue Insulation and protection Structural in cell membranes As precursors of eicosanoids and prostaglandins Signalling molecules important in cell regulations and inflammation Carry fat-soluble vitamins Contribute flavour, aroma and texture

Answer 17

Mammals cannot interconvert, or synthesise from new, omega 3 and omega 6 series fatty acids Need a dietary source of each Omegas are polyunsaturated fatty acids, need for the carbon location of the first double bond Omega 6 vs omega 3 Ruminants have no dietary essential fatty acid requirements EFAs are synthesised in rumen

Answer 18

Omega 3 and omega 6

Answer 19

Alpha linolenic acid is essential source in diet Precursor of anti-inflammatory mediators Docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid Sources Fish oil Canola oil Flax (linseed oil) Marine microalgae

Answer 20

Linoleic acid is the essential dietary source Required to make inflammatory mediators Cats also require arachidonic acid, cannot elongate linoleic acid Sources Chicken fat Sunflower oil

Answer 21

Proteins are groups of amino acids joined together by peptide links in different quantitative and sequences Protein quality can be affected by the types of amino acids they supply Digestion breaks the proteins into their amino acids, which are sued by the body Excess protein in the diet is deaminated

Answer 22

Excess protein in the diet is deaminated The ammonia is converted to urea and excreted The carbon skeleton is used for energy or fat

Answer 23

Build or replace body tissue Integral part of body organs, tissues, hair, nails and cartilage Function as enzymes (eg. digestive) and hormones (eg, insulin) Act as carriers Hemoglobin carrying oxygen and CO2 Part of the immune system Immunoglobulins Provide energy (3.5 kcal/g)

Answer 24

Cannot be synthesized by the mammal and are essential in the diet Which ones vary with the species Cats have the greatest number of dietary essential amino acids requirements

Answer 25

Do not need to be supplied by their diet Can be synthesized from precursors

Answer 26

Required in certain states

Answer 27

Dietary essential aa Dietary non-essential aa Conditionally essential aa

Answer 28

Labels are required to report crude protein content of the diet Calculated by measuring total nitrogen content of diet Includes True protein Non-protein nitrogen Ammonia, nitrates, urea Infamously- melamine

Answer 29

Melamine is a plastic Used in plates Contains nitrogen

Answer 30

Waste plastic was ground and added to protein meals in China These were used in baby food and pet food Breaks down to produce cyanuric acid The combo of melamine and cyanuric acid is very toxic to the kidneys Led to improved feed testing Previously testes just for common toxins New reputable pet food companies test feed to make sure it is normal Often performed using spectroscopy

Answer 31

Crude Protein Eaten – Crude Protein in Feces Changed to amino acids in large intestine affect apparent digestible protein Amino acids removed or produced in the large intestine not available to the animal

Answer 32

Crude Protein Eaten – Crude Protein at Ileum Not confounded by protein fermentation in the large intestine Highly accurate, but highly invasive AKA true digestible protein

Answer 33

The usefulness of absorbed protein in building new tissue Determined by amino acid composition If amino acid composition of dietary protein is similar to that of the animals tissues then it has biological value Protein from meat (not bone), liver and heart, milk (casein and whey) have an amino acid composition that parallels an animals needs Readily converted to tissue proteins High biological value If protein completely missing an amino acid, cannot be used to make body protein Has zero biological value Protein sources may be mixed Deficiencies in amino acids in one protein are balance by amino acids from another

Answer 34

Ruminal microbes Digest dietary protein Amount depends on structure of proteins Degrade and interconvert amino acids Can synthesize amino acids using A non protein nitrogen source (NPN) A carbohydrate skeleton Dietary energy Typically grain or molasse No amino acid is essential in the diet

Answer 35

Microbes and undigested dietary protein cleave the rumen and are digested in small intestine

Answer 36

Generally need at least ⅔ of nitrogen as a dietary protein Not enough dietary energy to synthesise all the amino acids Have a higher protein requirements if high producing Remainder can be non protein nitrogen (NPN)

Answer 37

Common NPN sources are ammonia and urea Ammoniated feed Highly toxic if poorly mixed or too much injected into feed (hay)

Answer 38

Rate of ammonia production exceeds ability of microbes to utilize it Ammonia builds up in the rumen Liver detoxification overwhelmed Elevated blood ammonia levels Ammonia in the rumen is generally absorbed into systemic circulation and detoxified by the liver via the urea cycle

Answer 39

Urea is widely used as a NPN source Safer than ammonia Minor excesses: decreased production

Answer 40

Muscle tremors Salivation Bellowing Bruxism Incoordination and weakness Rapid earth, often close to urea feeder

Answer 41

Horses, omnivores, carnivores Require a dietary source of certain amino acids Tryptophan, lysine and methionine often of major concern

Answer 42

Occurs in large intestine Any amino acids produced by microbes cannot be digested or absorbed by the host because this only occurs in the small intestine

Answer 43

Sulphur amino acid (also cystine) Essential in hair protein (keratin) synthesis Richly present in animal protein sources, eggs and fish

Answer 44

Key role in immune system and urea excretion Beneficial in heart and kidney disease Richly present in animal tissues and gelatin

Answer 45

Major role in protein synthesis Deficiency slows growth in puppies/kittens Meat and milk are good food sources

Answer 46

Methionine Arginine Lysine

Answer 47

Required for retina, heart and brain health Important for reproduction functions Antioxidant

Answer 48

Reproductive failure Retinal degeneration Dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 49

Conditionally essential in dogs? Connection b/w certain breeds of dogs and the development of DCM These dogs do respond to taurine supplementation Recent concern that certain types of diets (boutique, exotic, grain free) were being linked to development of DCM Taurine deficiency cause? Most dogs did not have low taurine levels However improved after diet change

Answer 50

Inadequate protein or lack of essential amino acids in the diet Protein is required for all aspects of growth, production and maintenance Growing animals most susceptible

Answer 51

Higher protein requirements Less successful at competing for food Reduced growth

Answer 52

High dietary protein requirements Microbes cannot make enough Poor production Possibly excessive weight loss