Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Nutrition > Reproduction and growth > Flashcards

Reproduction and growth Flashcards

(90 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Gestation- dogs weight gain

A

Average 63 days
Healthy weight gain is 15-25% more than prebreeding weight
Weight gain predominantly in last third of gestation
After whelping, should weigh about 5-10% more than pre breeding weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Energy needs for gestating dogs

A

Two phases of nutritional needs
0-42 days- feed to maintenance
42 days to parturition- increase energy fed by +10%/week
At parturition, 30% above maintenance for small litters, 50-60% above maintenance for larger litters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gestation-cats

A

Average 63-65 days
Weight increases steady from conception to parturition
Weight stored as energy (fat) to support lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mean weight gain in queens

A

is 40% of pre-breeding weight
Lose 40% of thai at parturition
Remaining 60% sustains milk production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Energy needs of queens

A

Single phase requiring increase in energy intake
Increase energy fed by 10%/week starting from conception
At parturition, 140-150% above maintenance energy needs
Energy density of food often limiting factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lactation-dogs

A

Energy requirement steadily increases post whelping
Peaks between 3-5 weeks; 2-4x higher than maintenance
Returns to maintenance about 8 weeks post whelping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Energy needs for lactating dogs

A

Energy requirements divided into maintenance energy and energy for milk production
Based on body weight, week of lactation, and number of puppies in litter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

one way to calculate DER for lactating dogs

A

DER for lactating bitches is higher than other adults (even without taking into consideration milk production) due to the stress and increased activity of caring for puppies
DER = 145 x BWkg^0.75
DER = 145 x 20kg^0.75
DER = 1378 kcal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How to calulate ME for lactating dogs

A

L= week of lactation
n and m based on number of puppies
EL=BWkgx (24n + 12m) x L
E3= 20kg x (24(4) + 12(1)) x 1.1
E3= 20kg x (96 +12) x 1.1
E3= 20kg x 108 x 1.1
E3= 2376 kcal
ME = DER + EL
ME = 1378 + 2376
ME = 3754 kcal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

L for week 1 of lactation

A

0.75

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

L for week 2 of lactation

A

0.95

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

L for week 3 of lactating dogs

A

1.1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

L for week 4 of lactation

A

1.2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Second method of calculating ME for lactting dogs

A

Considers litter size but does not take into consideration which week of lactation
DER = 2.1 x 70(BWkg^0.75)
DER = 2.1 x 70(20kg^0.75)
DER = 1390 kcal
EL= + 25% DER/puppy
EL= 1390(0.25) x 5 puppies
EL= 348 kcal x 6
EL= 1740 kcal
ME = 1390 + 1740
ME = 3130 kcal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Third method of calculating ME for lactating dogs

A

Takes into consideration changes in energy needs throughout different weeks of gestation but not litter size
RER = 70 x BWkg^0.75
RER = 70 x 20^0.75
RER = 662 kcal
MER = 1.8 x 662
MER = 1192 kcal
Lactation week 1: 150-200% MER
Lactation week 2-5: 200-300% MER
Lactation 6 to weaning: gradual decrease to 150% MER
ME3= MER x 220%
ME3= 1192 x 2.2
ME3= 2622 kcal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the best way to feed lactating dogs

A

Due to the high energy requirements, free-choice feeding often recommended during lactation
Energy density of food often a limited factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lactation-cats

A

Most energy-demanding stage of a cat’s life
Peak milk production occurs at 3-4 weeks of lactation
Energy intake continues to increase; however does take into consideration the energy requirement of both queen and kittens
Weight and energy intake of queen returns to normal by weaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Energy needs for lactating cats

A

Feed energy dense food to meet needs without overwhelming stomach capacity
Free choice feeding to allow for variation in energy needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Protein for gestation and lactation

A

Protein requirements increase during gestation and lactation

Consider digestibility and amino-acid profiles as well as amount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Inadequate protein during lactation and gestation can result in

A

Lower birth weights
Higher neonatal mortality
Impaired immune systems
Poor lactation
Poor growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fats and fatty acids for gestation and lactation

A

Increased fat intake during gestation (last trimester in dogs) could result in increased fat content in milk by up to 30%
Allows for high caloric density required for queens and bitches (more than twice the calories of protein and carbohydrates)
Arachidonic acid essential for cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Arachidonic acid essential for cats becasue

A

Fetal brain development
Gestation & reproductive success
Viability of kittens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

DHA is and important during gestation and lactation because

A

Docosahexaenoic acid (omega 3 fatty acid)
Supports retinal and auditory development
Important in brain development
Milk concentrations parallel food intake
Now recognized by AAFCO as an essential nutrient for growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Carbohydrates in gestation and lactation

A

No true carbohydrate requirement during gestation and lactation
However digestible carbohydrates:
Protect against weight loss during pregnancy
Increases birth weight and neonatal survival
Improves lactation performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What can a carb free diet cause during gestation and lactation
Feeding a carbohydrate-free diet to bitches increase risk of periparturient hypoglycemia (other risk factors include poor body condition score and malnutrition) Protein must be increased by at least 50% (and doubled when energy requirements are highest) to combat this risk if no carbohydrates are being given
26
Calcium and phosphorus during lactation and gestation
Ca/P needs similar to those for maintenance for early gestation in dogs During the later parts of gestation (dogs) and during gestation (cats) and during lactation (both), requirements increase Rapid fetal skeletal growth Milk production Calcium-phosphorus ratio important Commercial supplementation not recommended when appropriately balanced foods being fed
27
Eclampsia is
Sudden decrease in extracellular calcium concentration Highest risk during weeks 2-3 Calcium losses via secretion in milk are highest
28
Typically affected bitches with eclampsia
Primipara <4 years Toy breed dogs High litter size
29
What can predispose animals to eclampsia and why
Calcium supplementation during pregnancy can predispose Down-regulates parathyroid gland secretion Impairs normal calcium mobilization from bone Calcium homeostasis unable to maintain levels when demand increases
30
Folic acid during gestation and estrus
Should be supplemented during estrus and gestation
31
How high is neonatal mortality
Neonatal mortality as high as 10-30% ⅔ f these deaths occur during the first week of life Neonatal nutrition comes from the dam
32
Three critical factors for success of neonates
Maternal nutrition during gestation/lactation critical Behaviour and physical health of the dam Neonatal husbandry
33
Neonatal period is
From whelping to when eyes start to open (~13 days) Two basic activities – sleeping and nursing Spend >80% time sleeping – never deeply, never quietly
34
Transitional period for neonates is
From when the eyes open to 3 weeks of age Responsive to environment Playing and tail wagging behaviours develop Lose need for perineal stimulation
35
Socialisation period of neonates
From 3 weeks to weaning Social bonds are formed, social hierarchies develop Exposure to different stimulation and experience critical for behavioural development
36
Colostrum is and is heavy in
First milk (during the first 24-72 hours post whelping) Nutrients Water Growth factor Digestive enzymes Maternal immunoglobulins Contains twice as much protein as milk Entire difference is made up of immunoglobulins
37
Transplacental transfer of immunity of cats and dogs
Very low Difference in the placenta compared to other species only 5-10% IgG from trasnplacental transfer
38
How do puppies get immunoglobin
Immunoglobulins can only cross the intestinal barrier immediately following birth Intestinal tract begins to mature after birth Barrier is closed at 12-16 hrs Critical that colostrum is ingested by puppies and kitten immediately following birth
39
How common is it for puppies to not get adequate colostrum and what does this cause
Up to 18% of puppies are at risk of not receiving adequate colostrum Contributes to the risk of neonatal death
40
Milk for neonates
Complete food for neonates As milk matures (from colostrum) Dry matter (DM) content decreases Directly related to decrease in protein (immunoglobulin) Vitamins and minerals decrease as milk matures Lactose content increases
41
Protein of milk
Protein digestibility in milk is very high (up to 99%) Provides high levels of necessary amino acids Dietary taurine intake influences milk concentration Cows milk is a poor source of taurine
42
What are the essential aa in milk
Arginine Lysine Taurine (cats)
43
Fat and fatty acids in milk
Milk is an important source of energy and essential fatty acids Puppies and kittens born with relatively low stores of body fat
44
What percent of fat is puppies body and adults body
1.5% of total body mass is fat in puppies 22% of total body mass is fat in adult dogs with ideal BCS
45
Fat quality and quantity reflect what
Fat content and quality reflect diet of the dam Supply essential fatty acids linolenic acid and arachidonic acid (cats) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
46
Carbs in milk
Lactose is primary carb in milk Significantly lower than cows milk High concentrations of lactose = increased osmolality Infant formulas high in starch Pancreatic amylase activity is insignificant or low for first several weeks Puppies and kittens will not be able to digest starch
47
What happens with high lactose
Draws water into the intestine Result of feeding cow’s milk to puppies and kittens?
48
Temperature of neonates
Born poikilothermic, very little fat Normal body temperature for first week of life: 35-36⁰C Dams may also neglect hypothermic neonates Keep environmental temperature 30⁰C
49
Hypothermia of neonates
Below 34⁰C–digestive transit stops Below 32⁰C–suckling reflex is lost
50
Normal body temp second week of life and ideal room temp
36-38⁰C Keep environmental temperature 28⁰C
51
Normal body temp third week of life and ideal room temp
38-39⁰C Keep environmental temperature 25⁰C
52
after third week of life ideal room temp
After the third week ambient room temperature (21-22⁰C) sufficient
53
Humidity for neonates and their risks
Target environmental humidity of 45-65% Dry (<45%) environments Risk of dehydration Humid (>65%) environments Risk of bacterial proliferation
54
The 3 Hs for neonates
Hypoglycemia Hypothermia Dehydration All are interrelated
55
Risks for neonates
Illnesses -Infections -Parasites -Diarrhea Hypoxia -Dystocia -Prolonged births Inadequate milk intake -Orphans -Maternal rejection -Refusal or inability to nurse -Inadequate milk production Low birth weight
56
How to treat neonates that are sick
GLucose Warm Oral hydration and nutrition
57
Glucose for sick neonates
Via SQ injection Necessary as first step to meet sudden increase in energy requirements during warming
58
Warming for sick neonates
Depressed gastrointestinal motility until warmed Slowly and progressively over 1-3 hours Prevent oxygen and energy requirements of tissues from increasing beyond what neonate can provide
59
Oral hydration and nutrition for sick nenoates
Once body temperature restored, oral solutions via stomach tube Nursing should be encouraged early
60
Weight for neonates
Low birth weight correlated to neonatal mortality Record birth weights and weigh daily Should gain weight daily–plateau or weight loss can be early sign of a problem
61
When does weaning begin
Gradual process Begins at 3-4 weeks Puppies and Kittens start to eat solid foods Often the dam’s food 95% of caloric intake is still from milk
62
Weaning at 5-6 weeks
Nearly 30% of caloric intake is from food Dam may start avoiding puppies or kittens Suckling encourages milk production, so allowing time away from the dam could be beneficial
63
When does weaning end
6-9 weeks
64
How much to feed weaning neonates at week 1
2 parts water (or milk replacer) to 1 part kibble
65
How much to feed weaning neonates at week 2
1 part water (or milk replacer) to 1 part kibble
66
How much to feed weaning neonates at week 3
0.5 parts water (or milk replacer) to 1 part kibble
67
How much to feed weaning neonates at week 4+
Kibble only Feeding in smaller and more frequent meals (4 per day) can improve stool quality in puppies
68
Immunity gap in neonates
Colostrum provides immunoglobins Puppy or kitten will start producing own immunoglobins Protection does not completely overlap
69
Orphaned puppies and kittens can be fed by what methods
Method of hand feeding depend on the age, vitality and suckling reflex of the neonate Bottel ro tube feeding
70
When would you bottle feed a neonate
Preferred method for neonates with good suckling reflex Can nurse until satiated and reject formula when full Opening should only allow one drop at a time to fall when bottle inverted Sucked, never squeezed
71
How to tueb feed a nonate
Quicker than bottle feeding Good for weak neonates with poor suckle reflex Feed tube down esophagus, ensure proper placement Slowly syringe formula Monitor stomach for distention, stop if becomes taunt
72
What, and how long should you feed neonate
Feed at least 4x daily Very young or weak neonates should be fed every 2-4 hours Milk replacer should be warmed (38⁰C) and fed slowly If diarrhea develops, reduce food volume or dilute with water Gradually return to levels to meet caloric requirements
73
Energy requirements for puppies
Until a puppy has reached 50% of their adult weight, DER should be 3 x RER After that, DER should be 2.5 x RER, and progressively reduced to 2 x RER When puppy has reached 80% of their adult body weight, DER should be 1.8-2 x RER
74
Long and sensitive growth period
Giant breeds reach 50% of adult weight around 5-6 months of age
75
Short and intence growth period
Small breed reach 50% of adult weight around 3 months of age
76
Energy requirements for kittens
Typically reach 80% of adult weight at 30 weeks Reach adult body weight at 40 weeks (10 months) At 10 weeks, DER = 200 kcal/kg body weight Declines to 80 kcal/kg body weight by 10 months of age
77
How does spaying a kitten effect is nutritional needs
After being spayed weight increases 30% Food consumption increases by 20% Activity level decreases 52%
78
Protein requirements of neonates
Differ from adults in quantity and quality Highest at weaning and decrease progressively Specific amino acids important for growth (ie, sulfur- containing amino acids)
79
Protein Provide structure for maintenance and growth of what for neonates
Hair and nails Ligaments, tendons, bones, cartilage Muscles Brain
80
Giant breed dogs
High protein leads to developmental issues? Protein essential for tissue growth Developmental issues more often linked to high calcium levels rather than protein Not recommended to transition giant breed puppies to adult formula at 6 months!
81
Fats and fatty acids of neonates
Excellent source of energy (higher concentration than proteins or fats)
82
Essential fatty acids of neonate
Linoleic acid Arachidonic acid (cats) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Neural, retinal and auditory development Rapid brain development occurs for first 6 weeks after birth Studies show inclusion improves trainability in puppies
83
Digestibility of neonates
Ability of puppies and kittens to digest foods is less than adult’s Foods low in digestibility mean that puppies and kittens need to eat more to grow Activity of enzymes changes with time Pancreatic amylase for starch digestion doubles between 9-16 weeks and adult age in puppies Amylase activity increases while lactose digestion decreases from 3-6 weeks in kittens
84
85
What can low digestibility of food cause neonates to have
Flatulence Vomiting Diarrhea
86
Calcium needs for neonates
Puppies and kittens need more adults, but minimum requirements still low Intestinal absorption of calcium is regulated in adults, but less precise in puppies and kittens Not properly regulated before 6 months of age Does not reach below 40%, even in cases of high oral calcium intake Can lead to calcium retention if intake is high Excess calcium absorption can result in deposition along the growth plates Developmental bone deformities and swollen joints
87
phosphorus needs for kittnes
Phosphorus less critical, but should insure proper Ca:P ratio 1:1 to 1.8:1 in small and medium dogs 1:1 to 1.5:1 in large and giant breeds Kittens less sensitive to ratio
88
When should you transition to adult formulas for dogs
Chihuahua-8 months Small breed - 10 months Medium breed - 12 months Large breed - 15-18 month Giant breed - 18-24 months
89
When to transition to adult food for cats
Most cats - 12 months Main coons - 15-18 months
90

Nutrition (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions