Working dogs

Question 1

Sprint dogs are

Answer 1

High intensity physical activity
Can be sustained less then 2-3 min
Coursing (sight hounds)
Racing (greyhounds, whippets)
Weight pulling
Fli ball
Agility

Question 2

Intermediate working dogs are

Answer 2

Physical activity lasting several minutes to a few hours
Trail running, bicycling
Herding trails
Hinting
Livestock management
Tracking, search and rescue
Police dogs
Service dogs

Question 3

Endurance working dogs are

Answer 3

Physical activity lasting many hours
Sled pulling
Racing, expedition
Endurance

Question 4

Type I muscle type is

Answer 4

Slow twitch
High oxidative capacity
Endurance

Question 5

Type II muscle type is

Answer 5

Fast twitch
High glycolytic capability
Strength

Question 6

How much does an intermediate working dog need x RER

Answer 6

1-5 x RER

Question 7

How much energy does a sprint dog need

Answer 7

1.6-2 x RER

Question 8

How much energy does endurance dogs need

Answer 8

> 5x RER

Question 9

Other factors effecting energy needs of working dogs

Answer 9

Temperature
Humidity
Terrain
Altitude

Question 10

By products of exercise

Answer 10

Heat
Acids (CO2 and arctic acid)
Free radicals

Question 11

Energy sources

Answer 11

protein
carb
fat

Question 12

ATP as a source of energy for working dogs

Answer 12

ATP is sole source of energy for muscle contraction
Amount is proportional to amount of work (distance and intensity)
Resting muscle only have enough ATP to fuel contractions for a few seconds
Creatine phosphate is rapidly converted to ATP, but stores also limited, only enough to support 5-15 seconds

Question 13

Glucose as a energy source

Answer 13

Glucose can be used to generate anaerobic and aerobic metabolism
Anaerobic fast, but yields low
Aerobic slower, but greater yield
Glycogen stores relatively small, cannot sustain exercise for extended time

Question 14

Fatty acids are used for

Answer 14

Fatty acids are stored in higher amounts, primary source for longer-lasting energy

Question 15

Anerobic energy metabolism includes

Answer 15

Cr-P
Glycolysis

Question 16

Aerobic energy metabolism

Answer 16

Glucose oxidation
Fat oxidation

Question 17

Key considerations for diet in working dogs

Answer 17

Water
Energy
Fat
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Digestibility
Antioxidants

Question 18

Water needs for working dogs

Answer 18

Heat dissipation leads to decrease in total body water and plasma volume
60% lost though fluid evaporation from upper resp tract
Water requirements double when ambient temp reaches 45*C
Allow unlimited water access

Question 19

Energy needs depends on

Answer 19

Depends on intensity, duration and frequency of exercise
Source depends mostly on intensity

Question 20

Energy needs of greyhounds

Answer 20

Greyhounds work at high intensity
Have lower energy requirements
Short duration frequency only a few times per week

Question 21

Fats do what for food

Answer 21

8.5kcal/g
Practical means of increasing caloric density
Increases palatability
Increases digestibility
Lowers food intake
Slows gastric emptying
Improves digestion and energy intake

Question 22

Fat needs of endurance dogs

Answer 22

Fat oxidation more important with increased duration
Proper introduction important
Up to 60% of energy for sled dogs
Ultra-endurance dogs up to 8-% (super fat loading)

Question 23

Fat needs of intermediate working dogs

Answer 23

Fat needs for intermediate athletes proportionate to work done
30-55% of kcal for moderate work
45-65% of kcal for large amounts of work

Question 24

Fat needs for sprinting dogs

Answer 24

Fat requirements of sprint dogs not different than other dogs
20-24% of kcal

Question 25

Carbohydrates are and useful for

Answer 25

3.5kcal/g Cannot be used to significantly increase caloric density Carbohydrates include starches, sugars and fibre Some level of fibre is helpful to avoid loose stool However excess levels of fibre should be avoided Bulky stools are extra weight

Question 26

Why are carbs highly digestable

Answer 26

Carbohydrates should be highly digestible Undigested carbohydrates result in “stress diarrhoea” Increases fecal water loss

Question 27

Sprint dogs need what for carbs

Answer 27

Anaerobic metabolism dominant energy generation Higher carbohydrate levels maximize muscle glycogen 50-70% of kcal

Question 28

What are the carb needs of intermediate working dogs

Answer 28

Depends on intensity and duration Long bouts of low to moderate intensity require higher fats and lower carbs (as low as 15% of kcal) Short bouts of higher intensity work require higher levels (up to 50% of kcal)

Question 29

How much carbs do endurance dogs need

Answer 29

Require very little carbs Carb levels kept low to allow for energy density (ie. fat) required Less than 15% of kcal

Question 30

Protein is and why does it increase

Answer 30

Structural, biochemical and (to lesser degree) energy requirements Work increases the requirement for protein Most often seen when intensity and duration increases above conditioning level Used in the formation of new muscle tissue and repair of damage

Question 31

What is the average amount of kcal/g of protein

Answer 31

3.5

Question 32

Protein sources serve a structural and functional purpose by

Answer 32

Small amount of energy used (5-15%) Skeletal muscle can be mobilized Negative impact on performance

Question 33

What happens to excess protein

Answer 33

Excessive dietary protein must be deaminated Urea from amino acid breakdown is excreted via urine Increased water loss

Question 34

Why are proteins required

Answer 34

Require enough protein to meet anabolic requirements Require enough non-protein energy nutrients (carbs, fats) to meet energy requirements Protein preferentially used for structural rather than energy uses Digestibility and amino acid content important to determine how it will be incorporated into tissue proteins Exact requirements necessary remain inconclusive (24-40% of kcal)

Question 35

Protein requirements of endurance dogs

Answer 35

Endurance dogs may require lower levels of protein in order to meet their high energy requirements (ie, fat)

Question 36

Enhanced digestibility results in

Answer 36

maximum delivery of nutrients

Question 37

Lower digestibility results in

Answer 37

greater fecal bulk

Question 38

What should the total DM digestablity be

Answer 38

Total DM digestibility should exceed 80%

Question 39

Antioxidants are important for working dogs because

Answer 39

Exercise results in increased oxygen consumption Normal oxygen metabolism results in high reactive free radical molecules Oxygen molecules split into single atoms with unpaired electrons Scavenge the body to find matching electron This can result in body damage Antioxidants have excess electrons available to donate The body normally responds with endogenous antioxidant systems But with high intensity exercise these systems can be overwhelmed Vitamins C & E, Selenium

Question 40

Sprint nutrition requirements

Answer 40

Rely on anaerobic energy metabolism, esp glycolysis 1.6-2x RER 20-24% fat 50-70% carbohydrate Min 24% protein

Question 41

Intermediate nutrition requirement

Answer 41

Rely on aerobic energy metabolism, more on glucose oxidation 2-5x RER 30-65% fat 15-50% carbohydrate Min 24% protein

Question 42

Endurance nutrition requirement

Answer 42

Rely on aerobic energy metabolism, esp fat oxidation 5x RER >75% fat <15% carbohydrate Min 16% protein

Question 43

Feeding to maintain BCS

Answer 43

Tendency for working dogs to be lean (2-3/5) Hunting dogs should be 2.5-3.5/5, but often higher Why? Greyhound often leaner (1-2/5)

Question 44

When to feed sprint dogs

Answer 44

Food >4hrs before exercise Allow free access to water, except immediately prior High-carbohydrate within 30 minutes of performance

Question 45

When to feed intermediate dogs

Answer 45

Feed after exercise or >4hrs before exercise Free access to water at all times Snacks given during exercise or at end of breaks <15 minutes before resuming exercise Feed to adult maintenance during idle season When initiating training, start new feeding schedule 6 weeks prior to season work

Question 46

When to feed endurance dogs

Answer 46

Feed after exercise or >4hrs before exercise Free access to water at all times Snacks given during exercise or after exercise Monitor fat tolerance (steatorrhea and decreased palatability)