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Micronutrients Flashcards

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1
Q

Minerals are

A

Minerals are micronutrients
Only required in small quantities in the diet
Usually <5%
Not a significant source of energy

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2
Q

Macrominerals are

A

Requirements are often expressed as % of the diet
* All have some structural role
* Includes Ca, P, K, Na, Mg

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3
Q

Microminerals are

A
  • Requirements are often expressed as ppm or mg/kg
  • Many are co-enzymes
  • Despite being present in small amounts, are essential to function
  • Includes Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, I, Se
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4
Q

Potassium role

A

Maintains cell shape
Major role in cardiac function
Nerve conduction, muscle contraction
Majority of potassium in body found in cells

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5
Q

Sources of potassium

A

Widely distributed
Leafy plants are rich sources
Particularly roughages-grasses, alfalfa
Grains may be inadequate

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6
Q

Supplementation of potassium

A

Rarely a nutritional problem in herbivores
May need to be supplemented in pet foods
Potassium salt

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7
Q

When can you see potassium deficiencies

A

Problem in sick animals that are off feed
Muscle weakness, cardiac rhythm disturbances, pica
Diarrhea in small animals
High potassium losses
Excessive acidification of urine
Some heart or kidney disease demand modification of food-supplied amounts

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8
Q

Role of sodium

A

Contributor to osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid
Controls blood volume
Major role in cell’s energy metabolism

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9
Q

Sources of sodium

A

Sodium chloride (NaCl, salt) of mineral or marine origin
Fish, eggs, poultry by- product meal and soy isolates

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10
Q

Supplementation of sodium

A

Only mineral for which there is a clearly defined appetite
Added directly to food or offered as part of mineral block
Increases palatability

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11
Q

Sodium deficiency animal behaviour and signs

A

In cases of deficiency, animals typically seek out salt
After months of deficiency
◦ Reduced feed intake, growth / lactation
◦ PU/PD

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12
Q

Sodium toxicity can be caused by and looks like

A

More than 2% salt in diet can be toxic
Toxicity also affected by water availability
Signs
◦ Diarrhea, PU / PD
◦ Decreased production

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13
Q

When does sodium toxicity happen

A

Salt toxicity occurs with excess salt and/or limited/intermittent water
Pigs partially susceptible
See signs if normal diet sodium
No water
Hypernatremia and CNS disease
Wandering
Blindness, deafness
Head-pressing, dog-sitting
Takes at least 2 days to develop

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14
Q

Chlorine is

A

Closely associated with sodium in maintaining osmotic pressure, regulating acid-base equilibrium and cell metabolism
Usually present in sufficient amounts if sodium requirement being met

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15
Q

Role of calcium

A

Important in formation of bones (99% of body’s calcium is retained in bones)
Muscle function and nerve transmission
Blood clotting

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16
Q

Source of calcium

A

Bone meals
Milk
Grains and meat are poor sources

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17
Q

Supplementation of calcium

A

Calcium supplementation for high-risk individuals
Vitamin D important in regulating absorption
Balance of Ca is important

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18
Q

Acute deficiency (hypocalcemia) causes and looks like

A

Usually seen in late pregnancy/early lactation
Late pregnancy, particularly sheep and small dogs with lots of foetuses
Early or rapidly rising lactation
Dairy cows after parturition
Small dogs with lots of pups
About 2-3 weeks post whelping
In all cases, going off feed also predisposes

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19
Q

What does the increase need for calcium do

A

Increased demand for calcium overcome the ability to maintain homeostasis
Body stores (bones) are adequate
Low plasma ionized Ca++
Calcium removal exceeds replacement from diet and bone
Especially likely when sudden increase in demand (e.g. onset of lactation) and reduced intake (bad weather)
Mobilization from bone cannot keep up

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20
Q

Signs of hypocalcemia

A

In ruminants hypocalcemia effects all types of muscle
Weakness and recumbency
In horses and dogs signs of increased nerve irritability dominate
Tetany and muscle stiffness (dogs)
Restlessness, aggression, whining (dogs)
Thumps (horse)

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21
Q

Prevention of hypocalcemia in cattle

A

Promote mobilization of calcium at calving
Avoid high Ca concentrations in prepartum ration
Alfalfa high in Ca
Grass hays, cereal silages, corn silages better
Anionic diets (dietary cation-anion balanced feeding systems-DCAB)
Acidic diets promote acidic-conditions
Increase effectiveness of Ca regulating hormones
Promotes calcium mobilization from cows bones
Ensure diet adequate in magnesium
Important in PTH secretion and activity
Activation of vitamin D

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22
Q

Prevention of hypocalcemia

A

High oral doses of Ca drive additional Ca absorption
Ca pastes given to cattle around the time of parturition
Ca supplements to high risk bitches

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23
Q

Chronic calcium deficiency causes

A

Bone stores reduced
Mild hypocalcemia, not usually severe enough to cause signs
osteomalacia/rickets
Most common causes are dietary insufficiencies of phosphorous or vitamin D
In growing animals, imbalance Ca/P
As bones mature at different rates, it is possible to see rickets and osteomalacia in the same animal

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24
Q

Calcium toxicity looks like

A

Some surplus Ca is excreted in urine
Especially in horses- gives white colour to urine
Excessive dietary Ca predisposes to urinary tones/crystals in horse and cats (Ca oxalate type)
As well as conditions that predispose to hypocalcemia
Calcium protects against struvite crystals in ruminants (MgNH4PO4)

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25
Excess calcium in growing puppies can cause
Excess Ca in growing puppies can cause skeletal abnormalities Absorb Ca passively through intestine Vitamin D only plays role in regulation after about 10 months Concern for breeders/owners supplementing large breed diets with Ca
26
Phosphorus role
Intricate relationship with calcium, important in healthy bones (86% of body’s phosphorus is retained in bones) Cell membranes Energy dispersement DNA, RNA
27
Source of phosporus
Oilseeds Grains Wheat bran Meat Low concentrations in grasses and legumes
28
Supplementation of phosphorus
Balance with Ca is important
29
Chronic phosphorus deficiency caused by
Reduced food intake, production, weight loss Post parturient hemoglobinuria in adult cattle
30
Skeletal issues with low phosphorus
Rickets/osteomalacia Spontaneous features
31
Toxicity of phosphorus looks like
High levels predispose to urolithiasis Especially if dietary Ca is low May suppress absorption of calcium Bone loss The ratio of Ca:P is important for healthy growth Between 1:1 and 1:3
32
Role of magnesium
Component of bone and intracellular fluids Important in PTH secretion and activity (Ca homeostasis) Nervous conduction and muscle contraction Contributes to body’s general energy metabolism
33
magnesium deficiency can look like
Acute onset often related to hypocalcemia Magnesium is required to PTH to work Sudden onset of nervous signs Tetany, convulsions, sudden death Chronic signs are wasting/poor growth/anorexia
34
Toxicity of magnesium is cased by and looks like
Excess magnesium can predispose to uroliths Struvite (Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate) However, magnesium can inhibit the formation of other uroliths Calcium oxalate Urolith prevention diets were often restricted in Mg to slow down struvite formation, esp in cats Has been shown that pH moderation is more effective prevention method Meeting minimum Mg levels is considered safe
35
Source of magnesium
Bone Oilseed Unrefined grain and fiber
36
Supplementation of magnesium
Absorption affected by dietary levels of phosphorus, calcium, potassium, fat and protein Certain drugs can increase renal wasting of Mg
37
Role of iron
Constituent of hemoglobin (pigment that transports oxygen in RBC) and myoglobin (does same job in muscles) Enzymatic functions Most abundant trace mineral (and vital for body function)
38
Source of iron
Liver Meat and fish Green vegetables Mineral salts
39
Supplementation of iron
Rarely deficient in diet Can be a problem in animals with blood loss anemia Supplementation can help patient to regenerate and recover from anemia
40
Role of copper
Most of copper stored in liver Facilitates intestinal absorption of iron Promotes cellular oxidation Synthesis of collagen in tendons and myelin in nervous system
41
Source of copper
Meat (lamb, port, duck) Proteinaceous grains (peas, lentils, soy)
42
Supplementation of copper
Most economically important deficiency of cattle Mineral salts
43
Copper deficiency is caused by what major factors
Deficiency is the result of the interplay of 3 major factors Copper Molybdenum Sulfate
44
High dietary molybdenum and sulfate is caused by what
Prevent absorption of copper Increase excretion of copper High sulfates are a major problem with come Prairie water sources
45
Copper deficiency in young growing animals causes
Mainly cattle Poor growth Epiphysitis Chronic mild lameness Lightening of hair coat Mild anaemia Diarrhea if high molybdenum
46
Copper deficiency in adults causes
Failure to get pregnant (anestrus) Downer cows in cattle
47
Supplement with copper salts is used for
Ideally add trace minerals directly to diet Can feed to cattle as a trace mineralized salt block Variable and sometime inadequate copper content Windsor trace mineralized salt: 330 ppm Copper Can have a high copper ™ salt to help Windsor ™ HI-Boot high copper zinc trace mineralized salt for cattle and horses: 4000 ppm copper Placing salt blocks close to water source may increase intake
48
Genetic mutation related to copper excretion
Can occur in Bedlington terriers, labs, Dalmatians Results in excess copper build up in the liver Treatment usually low copper diet and medical management
49
Sheep and copper
Some sheep breeds and llamas are adapted to very low copper diets Poisoned by amount of copper normally present in cattle diets Low levels of molybdenum and sulfate in these diets also contribute These prevent absorption and increase excretion of copper Copper gradually accumulates in liver When the limit is reached Death of liver cells Hemolytic anaemia
50
Prevention of copper deficiency
Prevention- only feed special, low copper, sheep mineral mixes to sheep
51
Role of selenium and vitamin E
Both work as antioxidants Protects cells, esp cardiac and skeletal muscle
52
Source of selenium and vitamin E
Mineral salts Fish Meat in lower quantities
53
Supplementation of selenium and vitamin E
Typically a herd problem Mineral blocks
54
Selenium and vitamin E deficiency
Young ruminants and equids Sudden onset myopathy Stiff Reluctant to move Recumbent Aspiration pneumonia Susceptibility to infection
55
Prevention of Selenium and vitamin E deficiency
Feed a selenium containing trace mineral Give calves an injection of selenium-vitamin E at birth in known deficient areas Greatly reduces calf mortality Occasionally problem is VItamin E deficiency Supplement with human 400 mg Vitamin E capsule
56
Selenium and vitamin E toxicity
Problem with some selenium accumulating plants Over-supplementation with selenium is possible Acute: rapid cardiovascular collapse in horses and ruminants; poliomyelomalacia in pigs Chronic: loss of hair on mane and tail, hoof deformities, decreased reproduction performance Treatment generally unrewarding- prevention is key Rarely seen Because everyone is very careful not to over supplement?
57
Iodine role
Helios synthesize thyroid hormones
58
Sources of iodine
Sea salt Fish Common source for humans?
59
Supplementation if iodine
Certain forages can interfere with iodine uptake Oral supplementation
60
What is goiter and what causes it
Goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland Caused by too much or too little iodine
61
What does an iodine deficiency in neonatal ruminants and foals look like
Goiter Weak Lethargy Myxedema
62
Iodine and hypothyroidism in cats
Relationship between iodine intake and cause of feline hyperthyroidism is unclear Enlargement of the thyroid glands is typically caused by a non-cancerous tumor (rarely malignant tumor,ie thyroid adenocarcinoma) Possible contributing factors include deficiencies or excesses of certain compounds in the diet and chronic exposure to thyroid-disrupting chemicals Iodine requirements of cats not clearly defined Prescription Diets for Hyperthyroid Cats Restricted amount of iodine (not iodin-free) Diet is not medicated Limits amount of thyroid hormone produced Partially controls signs For this diet to work, it needs to be fed exclusively
63
Types of mineral supplementation
Direct added to food Free choice mineral feeding Works if there is salt in the mineral
64
Direct mineral added to feed is
Whole diet or concentration portion Can be mixed in or top dressed Intake is assured as feed is eaten Minerals mixed with no salt should always be top dressed or mixed with ration
65
Free choice mineral feeding
Can be offered loos or as a block Used for animals a pasture/fed hay Relies on animal to seek out the mineral
66
Mineral supplementation usually contain
Usually contain Ca and Pi source 1:1 Ca:P supplement for pasture 2:1 Ca:P ratio supplements are used when the feed contains little calcium Other trace minerals The big three Copper, zinc, selenium Iodine too in small ruminants
67
Chelated minerals are
Trace mineral is an organic molecule Better absorption Useful if substances that inhibit absorption are present E.g. sulfur and molybdenum which bind copper Increase risk of toxicity More expensive
67
What should mineral blocks look like
Mineral blocks/mixes should be designed so that if eat for salt intake other macro and micro minerals delivered in correct proportions Should only feed one type of block that contains all the required minerals
68
Non-chelated minerals are
Requirements better understood Inexpensive
69
Fat soluble vitamins
A D E K
70
Water soluble vitamins
B C
71
Role of vitamin A
Vision – precursor to retinol Reproduction – synthesis of certain hormones Metabolism – synthesis of proteins Skin & Hair – regulates growth of epidermal cells and production of sebum
72
Source of vitamin A
Plant precursor is carotene, a vitamin A dimer (brightly colored plants rick in carotenoids) Natural retinol sources are liver, meat, fish, eggs, dairy products
73
Supplementation of vitamin A
All domestic species except cats split carotene into two molecules of Vitamin A in digestive tract Cats require pre-formed Vitamin A
74
Vitamin A deficiency can be caused by
Cows: stillbirths and abortions during winter following drought years Drought conditions decrease the amount of carotene in plants, limits ability to obtain vitamin A Head pressing, circling and other neuro sings Growing cattle fed straw-grain diets for months Straw is not an adequate source of energy, protein, minerals and vitamins Need to be supplemented when using as winter feed Blindness (permanent,, circlin, head pressing
75
Prevention of vitamin A deficiency
Supplementation of at risk cows Calves born with abnormalities are unlikely to benefit from vitamin supplementation at the time
76
Vitamin A toxicity in cats
seen in cats fed large amounts of beef liver Reduced growth Soreness and sensitivity along neck and forelimbs Skeletal malformations (bony exostoses) on radiographs Poor hair coat, weakness, weight loss
77
Treatment of vitamin A toxicity
Reduce Vitamin A intake by feeding nutritionally balanced diet Excessive bone growth not reversible Mobility and comfort may improve once levels normalize
78
Vitamin D role
Calciferols are essential for absorption of calcium from GI tract Increases intestinal absorption of Ca and P, optimizes Ca absorption from bone, reduces loss of Ca and P in urine
79
Source of vitamin D
Growing plants contain precursor, converted to active vitamin D by sun Fish liver oil, oil fish (sardines, tuna), egg yolk, milk and dairy products Meat and vegetables almost completely lacking
80
Vitamin D supplementation
Supplementation typically required Routinely added to complete feeds and supplements UV light exposure also a source Reptiles require UV light
81
Vitamin D deficiencies
Deficiencies typically associated with Ca/P deficiency
82
Metabolic Bone Disease caused by vitamin D deficiency
Osteomalacia in adult animals Rickets in growing animals Weak bones, fractures Calcium deposition along growth plates in young growing animals
83
Vitamin D toxicity
Excessive supplementation Too many Vitamin D injections to cows precalving (one dose helps prevent milk fever) Too much vitamin supplement in feeds Supplementation of large breed puppies on a balanced growth diet Vitamin D containing rodenticides Consumption of plants (horses) containing active vitamin D
84
Vitamin D toxicity signs and physiological
Excess Vitamin D: Elevates blood calcium and blood phosphate See unnatural mineralization In soft tissues including heart, walls of blood vessels and kidneys (failure) Signs are weakness, reluctance to move, recumbency
85
Vitamin E role
Biological anti-oxidant, works together with selenium Stored in body’s fat tissues, in the liver and the muscles
86
Source of vitamin E
Fresh green feeds Some animal products, including liver, eggs, butter
87
Supplementation of Vitamin E
Added to diets to stop fat from going rancid As supplementation Deficiency associated with selenium deficiency
88
Vitamin K role
Cofactor of many enzymes; these enzymes cannot be active without Vitamin K Required for production of blood clotting factors Protein metabolism Helps calcium bind to bone Mainly stored in the liver
89
Source of vitamin K
Meat Vegetables, esp cabbage, parsley and spinach Intestinal bacterial
90
Supplementation of vitamin K
Not typically added to foods 3 types: Vitamin K1 - phylloquinone, natural Vitamin K2 - menaquinone, natural Vitamin K3 - menadione, synthetic, less effective, more toxic
91
Vitamin K deficiency is seen when
Deficiency seen when animal ingests a poison that blocks its action Warfarin (rodent killer) Dicoumarol in spoiled sweet clover hay
92
Signs of vitamin K deficiecny
Bleeding problems–bruising, petechiation, pallor, melena, hematochezia, hematomas Weakness, lethargy, tachycardia
93
Treatment of vitamin K deficiency
High doses of vitamin K1
94
B vitamins are
A group of water soluble vitamins (12+) Functions as co-enzymes Body stores are low Signs of deficiency can develop quickly. The exception is vitamin B12 which is very efficiently recycled in the body
95
What does vitamin B deficiency look like and is caused by
Deficiency in your ruminant results in polioencephalomalacia Caused by ruminal bacterial overgrowth destroying thiamine High grain promote certain bacteria to proliferate, which produce thiaminase that breaks down thiamine Additional thiamine needs to be added prior to canning process Signs are anorexia, ataxia, cluster seizures, twitching, vestibular disease Raw fish may contain thiaminase Historically blamed for thiamine deficiency in cats
96
Role of vitamin B1
Coenzyme for use of glucose to produce ATP Concentrated in the heart, kidney, liver and brain
97
Source of vitamin b1
Ruminal bacteria Brewer’s yeast Meat Bran and Cereal
98
Supplementation of vitamin B1
Especially important in cats The requirement in cats is 3x that of dogs
99
Role of vitamin B7
Catabolism of glucose, fatty acids and some amino acids Essential to synthesis of other fatty acids Important for healthy skin, coat and nervous system
100
Source of vitamin B7
Made by intestinal bacteria Yeasts, liver, kidney and cooked eggs
101
Supplementation of B7
Dysbiosis can occur with antibiotic use – see destruction of healthy flora as well as target bacteria Supplementation may be necessary in certain conditions
102
Vitamin B12 role
Coenzyme in many biochemical reactions Primary role in synthesis of proteins and production of red blood cells
103
Source of B12
Synthesized by ruminal bacterial, absorbed in small intestines Monogastrics make B 12 in large intestine (poor absorption) Animal products – liver, kidneys, meat
104
Supplementation of B12
Very efficiently recycled Injection may be needed to help treat anemia
105
B12 deficiency looks like
Deficiency signs include anemia and, in ruminants only, ketosis Cobalt is required for ruminal microbes to synthesize vitamin B12 Also essential for utilization of propionic acid Therefore, in cobalt deficiency, can see both B12 deficiency and ketosis secondary to utilizing propionix acid to make glucose
106
Riboflavin helps with
Riboflavin (B2 ) * Contributes to animal’s skin and coat health * Essential in production of energy from fat, and catabolism of amino acids
107
niacin is good for
* Helps body produce energy from fat and sugars * Promotes synthesis of skin lipids
108
panthothenic acid/pathothenate is good for
Pantothenic acid / pantothenate (B 5 ) * Involved in metabolic reactions to produce energy for the cells * Promotes synthesis of skin lipids
109
Pyridoxine (B6) is good for
* Coenzyme that plays role in different metabolic reactions, esp that of amino acids
110
Folic acid is good for
* Development of tissues of the nervous system * Fetus works like a folic acid pump and deficiency can develop if mother not receiving enough
111
Role of vitamin C
Neutralizes free radicals Permits the regeneration of Vitamin E Metabolizes iron
112
Source of vitamin C
Fruits! Esp citrus fruits, beries, kiwis and strawberries In dogs and cats, synthesized in the liver from glucose
113
Vitamin C supplementation
Only required in primates, guinea pigs and fruit bats Can be a problem if not fed fruits and vegetables Synthesized by all other species

Nutrition (15 decks)

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