digestion/GI (specific)

Question 1

What’s included in the GI tract?

Answer 1

the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs such as the liver, biliary tract and pancreas

Question 2

what does the GI tract cover?

Answer 2

mouth through to anus

Question 3

large and small bowel obstruction

Answer 3

of the small intestines, occurs when lumen of the bowel becomes partially or completely blocked

Question 4

two types of bowel obstruction

Answer 4

simple and strangulation

Question 5

simple bowel obstruction

Answer 5

blockage without interfering with vascular supply

Question 6

strangulation bowel obstruction

Answer 6

significant impairment of blood supply

Question 7

causes of large bowel obstruction

Answer 7

magliancy, colonic diverticulum, volvulus, stricture, faecal impaction, hernias, intussusception

Question 8

colonic diverticulum

Answer 8

small pouch or sac in the wall of the colon

Question 9

volvulus

Answer 9

twisting, occurs when a loop of intestine twists around itself

Question 10

hernias

Answer 10

weakening of the muscular walls

Question 11

intussusception

Answer 11

walls stick together

Question 12

perforation of bowel

Answer 12

free air under the diaphragm, hole in intestinal wall allowing gas to leak out

Question 13

pneumoperitoneum

Answer 13

gas in the abdominal cavity

Question 14

diverticula

Answer 14

small herniations in the intestinal wall

Question 15

how is the diverticular disease be enhanced?

Answer 15

barium swallow

Question 16

peritonitis

Answer 16

inflamed pouch ruptures, spilling intestinal contents into your abdominal cavity

Question 17

pancreatitis

Answer 17

inflammation of the pancreas

Question 18

auto-digestion

Answer 18

enzymes produced digest themself

Question 19

epigastric

Answer 19

above the stomach

Question 20

diagnosis of pancreatitis

Answer 20

• epigastric abdominal pain
• elevated lipase of amylase
• imaging

Question 21

liver cirrhosis

Answer 21

scarring of the liver

Question 22

stages of cirrhosis

Answer 22

stage 1- inflammation of the bile duct or liver
stage 2 - scarring of the liver due to inflammation
stage 3- cirrhosis
stage 4- liver failure

Question 23

pruritus

Answer 23

itchy skin

Question 24

oedema

Answer 24

swelling in the legs, feet or ankles

Question 25

ascites

Answer 25

excess fluid in abdominal cavity

Question 26

how does ascites impact radiographic exposure?

Answer 26

increase exposure factors

Question 27

what's the most common imaging modality in GI pathology?

Answer 27

fluoroscopy

Question 28

jaundice

Answer 28

yellow skin and eyes

Question 29

AAA

Answer 29

abdominal aortic aneurysm

Question 30

Malena

Answer 30

blood turns black

Question 31

heamatemesis

Answer 31

vomiting blood

Question 32

IBD

Answer 32

inflammatory bowel disease

Question 33

which two radiographs are usually performed for an acute abdomen?

Answer 33

supine abdomen, erect chest

Question 34

two radiological features that differentiate a small bowel obstruction from a large bowl obstruction on an abdominal X-ray

Answer 34

- large diameter bowel loops on large bowel obstruction - small bowel obstruction central, large bowel obstruction peripheral

Question 35

identify three pathologies that may result in a perforated bowel

Answer 35

diverticulus, volvulus, appendicitis

Question 36

identify 5 functions of liver

Answer 36

production of bile, filtration of blood, metabolism of drugs and food, storage of vitamins and mineral

Question 37

identify the fluid the gallbladder releases

Answer 37

bile

Question 38

how does bile support the digestion of fats

Answer 38

emulsifies fats. bile salts are able to bind to large undigested fat droplets, causing the droplets to break into smaller size droplets. offers up a large surface area for digestion of the fat droplets by pancreatic lipase

Question 39

what does the small bowel consist of

Answer 39

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 40

what does the large bowel consist of

Answer 40

caecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum

Question 41

mastication

Answer 41

reduces the size of the food, increases the surface area of food for digestion as it mixes food particles with saliva and digestive enzymes

Question 42

what enzyme is in starch?

Answer 42

amylase

Question 43

what enzyme is in fats?

Answer 43

lipase

Question 44

function of HCL in stomach

Answer 44

kills microbes in food and converts pepsinogen into pepsin

Question 45

function of pepsin in stomach

Answer 45

breaks down amino acids, optimal in a very acidic environment

Question 46

intrinsic factor of the stomach

Answer 46

absorption of B12 and production of red blood cells

Question 47

digestion in stomach

Answer 47

- combination of mechanical and chemical digestion - triggered by stretching of stomach wall and change in pH (gastrin) - mixing waves - produces thin liquid called chyme

Question 48

duodenum

Answer 48

first section of small intestine, presence of chyme in duodenum triggers next phase of digestion

Question 49

function of gallbladder

Answer 49

storage and concentration of bile

Question 50

function of bile

Answer 50

allows emulsification of fats

Question 51

functions of liver

Answer 51

production of bile, carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, processing of drugs or hormones, storage of vitamins and minerals, activation of vitamin D

Question 52

three sections of the small bowel

Answer 52

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 53

function of jejunum

Answer 53

majority of food absorption of digested food

Question 54

function of ileum

Answer 54

absorption of vitamin B12

Question 55

structure of small intestine

Answer 55

- circular fold, villi and microvilli (increase surface area)

Question 56

absorption of the small intestine occurs through which processes?

Answer 56

diffusion and active transport

Question 57

what minerals does the small intestine absorb?

Answer 57

monosaccharides (glucose and galactose), amino acids, water & ions, lipids, vitamins

Question 58

function of absorptive cells in the large intestine

Answer 58

absorbs water and ions

Question 59

function of goblet cells in the large intestine

Answer 59

mucous lubricates the bowel wall

Question 60

function of the large intestine

Answer 60

digestion, haustral churning, mass peristalsis

Question 61

haustral churning

Answer 61

propels contents of colon, contraction of muscilaris causes churning of chyme which maximises absorption

Question 62

function of rectum

Answer 62

mass peristalsis propels faeces from sigmoid colon into rectum

Question 63

major hormones of digestion

Answer 63

gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin