nervous system

Question 1

functions of the nervous system

Answer 1

interprets internal and external signals , facilitates coordination, reflex reactions

Question 2

what does the nervous system coordinate with?

Answer 2

endocrine system

Question 3

what does the CNS consist of

Answer 3

brain and spinal cord

Question 4

what does the CNS do

Answer 4

process sensory information

Question 5

somatic nervous system

Answer 5

controls voluntary movements

Question 6

autonomic nervous system

Answer 6

controls involuntary movements

Question 7

what does the autonomic nervous system consist of

Answer 7

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 8

sympathetic

Answer 8

“fight or flight”

Question 9

parasympathetic

Answer 9

“rest or digest”

Question 10

motor neurons

Answer 10

CNS to muscle and glands

Question 11

sensory neurons

Answer 11

carry signals from the receptors in the body to the spinal cord

Question 12

sympathetic actions eg

Answer 12

pupils dilate, inhibits salivation, relaxes bronchi, increases heartrate

Question 13

parasympathetic actions eg

Answer 13

constricts pupils, stimulates saliva flow, contricts bronchi, slows heart rate

Question 14

relay neurons

Answer 14

carry messages from one part of the CNS to another

Question 15

dendrites

Answer 15

large surface area, collection information from other neurons and passes it to the cell body

Question 16

myelin sheath

Answer 16

speeds up conduction

Question 17

resting potential of a membrane

Answer 17

-70 mV

Question 18

voltage- gated ion channels

Answer 18

respond to a change in cell membrane potential

Question 19

ligand- gated ion channels

Answer 19

respond to specific neurotransmitters and other molecules

Question 20

mechanically gates ion channels

Answer 20

respond to changes in the mechanical force on the membrane

Question 21

saltatory conduction

Answer 21

in myelinated neurons, the signal ‘jumps’ along the axon via the nodes of ranvier

Question 22

A fibres

Answer 22

myelinated with a large diameter - 300mph

Question 23

B fibres

Answer 23

light myelination with medium diameter - 30 mph

Question 24

C fibres

Answer 24

no myelination with small diameter- 2 mph

Question 25

primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 25

receives sensory information- proprioreceptors (muscles, joints and tendons) and sensory information from the skin up from the thalamus

Question 26

prefrontal cortex

Answer 26

integrates sensory information from primary somatosensory cortex to relate back to past experience

Question 27

somatosensory association cortex

Answer 27

integrates sensory information from primary somatosensory cortex to relate back to past experience, brings in prior knowledge

Question 28

primary motor cortex

Answer 28

controls previse voluntary movement

Question 29

prefrontal cortex

Answer 29

decision making

Question 30

premotor cortex

Answer 30

related to planning, learned skilled motor activity

Question 31

neuromuscular disorder eg

Answer 31

muscular dystrophy

Question 32

neurodevelopmental disorder eg

Answer 32

autism

Question 33

infection-related disorder eg

Answer 33

meningitis (membranes of the brain)

Question 34

auto-immune disorder eg

Answer 34

multiple sclerosis

Question 35

vascular disorder eg

Answer 35

vascular dementia (shrinking of the brain tissue)

Question 36

psychological disorder eg

Answer 36

depression

Question 37

dementia related disorder eg

Answer 37

alzheimers

Question 38

trauma related disorder eg

Answer 38

brain haemorrhage

Question 39

red flag symptoms defintion

Answer 39

serious condition symptoms that could indicate a spinal cord compression, metastatic disease or cauda equina

Question 40

symptoms of red flag

Answer 40

night sweats, unintentional weight loss, bilateral weakness

Question 41

cauda equina syndrome (CES)

Answer 41

dysfunctional of multiple lumbar and sacral nerve roots

Question 42

herniated intervertebral disc

Answer 42

defect in annulus fibrosis, the pulpous protrudes out of the disk and impinges on a nerve root

Question 43

herniated disc symptoms

Answer 43

sharp pain down the legs, numbness or weakness down one side of leg/arm

Question 44

treatments of back pain

Answer 44

analgesia (pain relief), muscle relaxants, preventative measures (lifestyle changes), surgery and physiotherapy

Question 45

what imaging modality is used on spinal cord injuries?

Answer 45

usually MRI

Question 46

what imaging modality is used on stokes?

Answer 46

CT

Question 47

spondylolisthesis

Answer 47

anterior slippage of a vertebral body in relation to the one below, can occur anywhere in the vertebral column

Question 48

hemorrrhagic stroke

Answer 48

bleed on the brain, usually caused by trauma

Question 49

ischemic stroke

Answer 49

loss of blood supply, symptoms of hypertension and atherosclerosis

Question 50

why do we need to differentiate the difference between hemorrhagic and ischameic strokes asap?

Answer 50

as ischaemic stroke patients are given clot bursting drugs

Question 51

subarachnoid haemorrhage

Answer 51

bleeding in the space between the brain and the surrounding membrane

Question 52

subdural hematoma

Answer 52

collection of blood that forms on the surface of the brain

Question 53

extradural haemorrhage

Answer 53

an acute haemorrhage between rheumatoid arthritis and dura mater and the inner surface of the skull

Question 54

multiple sclerosis

Answer 54

loss of myelin sheath, it is caused by your immune system mistakenly attack the brain and nerves

Question 55

Parkinson's disease

Answer 55

lack of dopamine in the substantia nigra

Question 56

neuralgia

Answer 56

nerve pain

Question 57

SOL

Answer 57

space occupying lesion

Question 58

TIA

Answer 58

transcient ischaemic attack

Question 59

SAH

Answer 59

subarachnoid haemorrhage

Question 60

CSF

Answer 60

cerbraspinal fluid

Question 61

identify the two structures that make up the vertebral discs and describe what happens during disc herniation (4)

Answer 61

- nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus - defect in annulus fibrosis which means the pulpous protrudes out of the disc and impinges on a nerve root

Question 62

identify the three membranes which act as a protective covering (3)

Answer 62

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Question 63

identify three forces that lead to the primary injuries of the spinal cord (3)

Answer 63

compression stretch and shear forces

Question 64

Name 3 symptoms accompanying LBP and what could this indicate? How do we image for this?

Answer 64

- h/o trauma, night sweats and unintentional weight loss - neurological deficits - bilateral weakness - cauda equina or metastatases - MRI