immune system

Question 1

physical barriers of protection

Answer 1

skin mucous, cilia

Question 2

chemical barriers of protection

Answer 2

saliva, stomach acid

Question 3

mechanical barriers of protection

Answer 3

cell turnover, mechanical cleansing, low skin temperature

Question 4

cellular barriers of protection

Answer 4

lymphocytes, granulocytes

Question 5

innate immune system

Answer 5

inbuilt, doesn’t need to be learned- involves the actions of physical, chemical, some cellular barriers and inflammation response

Question 6

adaptive immune system

Answer 6

specific, involves the action of lymphocytes to produce a specific antibody response to the invading pathogen

Question 7

skin

Answer 7

impermeable barrier, secretes anti-microbial peptides to kill unwanted pathogens

Question 8

cilia

Answer 8

vibrate to push mucous up to the oesophagus, mucous traps invading pathogens (mucociliary escalator)

Question 9

mechanical cleansing

Answer 9

removal of old or damaged cells from the skin surface

Question 10

low skin temperature

Answer 10

creation of an inhospitable environment for growth of many pathogens

Question 11

saliva

Answer 11

contains lysozymes, which can break down the cell wall of bacteria.

contains immunoglobin, which can attach to an invading pathogen and inhibit its function

Question 12

stomach acid

Answer 12

extremely low pH, makes it an inhospitable environment for pathogens

Question 13

functions of inflammation

Answer 13

limits the spread of infection, prevents further damage, removes harmful agents

Question 14

functions of cell-mediated immunity

Answer 14

• destruction of pathogens by white blood cells
• destruction of the bodies infected cells by T cells
• release of cytokines

Question 15

primary organs of the immune system

Answer 15

bone marrow and the thymus

Question 16

secondary organs of the immune system

Answer 16

lymph nodes, spleen, lymph tissues and cutaneous immune system

Question 17

3 parts of lymphatic system

Answer 17

• a network of lymphatic vessels
• fluid contained within: lymph
• lymph nodes

Question 18

process of innate immune response

Answer 18

• infected cell that died will release signal to other cells, stimulates nearby mast cells to degranulate
• capillaries in the area dilute and become more permeable to allow more fluid and immune cells to the area:- acute inflammatory response

Question 19

4 fundamental symptoms of inflammation

Answer 19

redness, pain, heat, swelling

Question 20

inflammation definition

Answer 20

tissue injury caused by physical/chemical agent or pathogenic microorganism

Question 21

heat caused by

Answer 21

capillary widening which causes increased blood flow

Question 22

redness and swelling is caused by

Answer 22

increased permeability, where fluid is released into tissues

Question 23

tenderness is caused by

Answer 23

attraction of leukocytes where extravasation occurs (leakage into the surrounding tissue)

Question 24

pain is caused by

Answer 24

a systemic response, fever and proliferation of leukocytes

Question 25

processes of inflammation

Answer 25

1- vasodilation, increased permeability of vessels 2- fibrin formation, phagocyte migration, chemical mediators 3- pus formation, abscess occurs if unable to drain (intervention may occur to stop spread of infection)

Question 26

e.g. of the body's barriers to infection

Answer 26

epidermis of the skin, mucous membranes, hairs, cilia, saliva, urine, ear wax

Question 27

eg harmful bacteria

Answer 27

MRSA and c.difficile

Question 28

exotoxin

Answer 28

secreted by bacteria, causes damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism

Question 29

endotoxin

Answer 29

released into the circulation upon disruption of the intact bacteria

Question 30

enterotoxin

Answer 30

affect the intestines and lead to reduced fluid re-uptake in the large intestine, leads to diarrhoea and fluid imbalance

Question 31

eg viruses

Answer 31

norovirus, influenza and chickenpox

Question 32

fungi

Answer 32

organisms that live on hosts that can be alive or dead and reproduce by spores

Question 33

parasites

Answer 33

live on or in another plant or animal, known as the host

Question 34

protozoa

Answer 34

single-celled organisms that live in water and damp conditions, eg: malaria

Question 35

inflammation

Answer 35

body's protective response against infection and is a complex cellular process involving various types of immune cells, clotting proteins and signalling molecules

Question 36

acute inflammation

Answer 36

body's immediate and adaptive response, which causes the area to appear red, warm and swollen. It has a short duration

Question 37

eg acute inflammation

Answer 37

frostbite, lacerations, bite and burns

Question 38

chronic inflammation

Answer 38

lasts a long period of time and usually has a negative impact on quality of life. measured by a presence of a protein in the blood known as CRP

Question 39

eg chronic inflammation

Answer 39

cancer, chronic bronchitis, rheumatoid arthitis

Question 40

process of chain of infection

Answer 40

mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host, infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit

Question 41

bronchitis

Answer 41

inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, this produces poor cilia movement. acute- up to 10 days, chronic-more than 3 months

Question 42

pneumonia

Answer 42

infection that affects one or both lungs, causes alveoli to fill up with fluid or pus

Question 43

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 43

long term autoimmune disorder which primarily affects small joints

Question 44

gout

Answer 44

crystal induced arthritis, caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints

Question 45

sepsis

Answer 45

when your immune system overreacts to an infection and starts to damage your body's own tissues and organs

Question 46

sepsis six care bundle

Answer 46

1. give o2 to keep stats above 94% 2. take blood cultures, to see where the infection is stemming from 3. give IV antibiotics 4. give a fluid challenge 5. measure serum lactate 6. measure urine output ( completed within an hour)