Renal (specific)

Question 1

what does the urinary system consist of?

Answer 1

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, bladder and urethra

Question 2

function of kidneys

Answer 2

remove waste products from body,
release hormones to regulate blood pressure,
regulate water and electrolyte balance

Question 3

function of ureters

Answer 3

allow urine to travel from the kidneys to the bladder

Question 4

function of bladder

Answer 4

storage and emptying of urine

Question 5

function of urethra

Answer 5

allows urine to be excreted from the bladder

Question 6

congenital diseases of the kidneys

Answer 6

agnesis (absence of an organ), dysgenesis (failure of an organ to develop), alteration in position: eg horeshoe and ectopic

Question 7

ectopic kidney

Answer 7

kidney is located below, above or on the opposite side of the kidney’s normal position

Question 8

horseshoe kidney

Answer 8

kidney are fused together at a lower pole

Question 9

hydronephrosis

Answer 9

kidneys are blocked

Question 10

calculi

Answer 10

kidney stones

Question 11

diverticulum

Answer 11

weakening in the lining of the bladder

Question 12

staghorn calculus

Answer 12

type of kidney stone that can block the renal pelvis and the calyces

Question 13

complications of obstructions

Answer 13

back pressure, unilateral obstruction, prolonged obstruction, hydronephrosis

Question 14

4 types of kidney stones

Answer 14

• calcium oxidate or calcium phosphate (75%)
• sturate (15%)
• uric acid (8%)
• cystine (2%)

Question 15

predisposing factors of kidney stones

Answer 15

• making less than one litre of urine per day
• family or personal history
• dehydration
• changes in urine pH
• high protein, salt or glucose diet
• gout
• obstruction of urine flow
• being obese

Question 16

renal cyst

Answer 16

• fluid filled sac or segment of dilated nephron
• inherited or acquired

Question 17

cystitis

Answer 17

inflammation of urinary bladder

Question 18

pyelonephritis

Answer 18

inflammation of the kidney

Question 19

urethritis

Answer 19

inflammation of the urethra

Question 20

renal functions

Answer 20

excretion, maintenance of blood volume, concentration of ions, maintenance of blood pH, endocrine-related function

Question 21

function of nephrons

Answer 21

filter the blood and produce urine

Question 22

measure of kidney function

Answer 22

glomerular filtration rate

Question 23

tubular reabsorption

Answer 23

filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule, solutes are reabsorbed into peritubular capillaries via combination of diffusion and active transport,

therefore water is reabsorbed by osmosis

Question 24

loop of Henle

Answer 24

responsible of concentration of urine

Question 25

tubular secretion

Answer 25

transfer of materials from blood into tubules, removes waste, drugs and toxins- helps maintain pH of blood

Question 26

glucosuria

Answer 26

excess of glucose in blood is filtered by glomerulus

Question 27

function of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system

Answer 27

controlling blood volume/pressure

Question 28

Renin release

Answer 28

- drop in blood pressure/volume - decreased filtration rate - sympathetic nervous system

Question 29

angiotensin functions (2)

Answer 29

triggers adrenal gland to release aldosterone, and pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone

Question 30

function of aldosterone

Answer 30

increases reabsorption of Na in DCT, leads to increased water absorption via osmosis

Question 31

Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 31

causes reabsorption of water in collecting ducts, increase in BP and reduction in urinary output

Question 32

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Answer 32

control of hypertension, increases GFR and closes sodium channels in nephron

Question 33

glomerulonephritis

Answer 33

inflammation of the glomeruli

Question 34

glomeruli function

Answer 34

removes excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine

Question 35

manifestation of glomerulonephritis

Answer 35

1- proteinuria (proteins in urine) 2- hematuria (blood in urine) 3- hypertension 4- in chronic glomerulonephritis: renal insufficiency 5- fluid retention (edema) with swelling evident in your face

Question 36

pyelonephritis

Answer 36

bacterial infection of the calyces and renal pelvis, bacteria reaches the kidney via the bloodstream

Question 37

malaise

Answer 37

feeling of general discomfort

Question 38

dysuria

Answer 38

painful or difficult urination

Question 39

how are kidney pathologies diagnosed?

Answer 39

- ultrasound: soft tissues, image cysts, calculi, tumours - NM: function of kidney output - MRI: demonstrates soft tissue - CT- contrast can be used to enhance and diagnose the nature of renal masses

Question 40

oliguria

Answer 40

low urine output

Question 41

polyuria

Answer 41

excessive urination

Question 42

pyuria

Answer 42

pus in the urine

Question 43

haemodialysis

Answer 43

manual filtration of the blood

Question 44

peritoneal dialysis

Answer 44

uses the lining of your abdomen to filter your blood inside your body

Question 45

BPH

Answer 45

benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 46

fistula

Answer 46

abnormal connection between two internal organs

Question 47

stenosis

Answer 47

narrowing or contraction of a passage

Question 48

describe hydronephrosis and why this may occur in patients with renal calculi (2)

Answer 48

hydronephrosis- distension of the renal pelvis and calyces (1) This occurs in renal calculi due to the black of urine flow from the pelvis to the bladder

Question 49

describe the complications of hydronephrosis if left untreated (3)

Answer 49

hydronephrosis complications include atrophy of the kidney, hypertension and renal failure

Question 50

state 2 functions of the kidneys (2)

Answer 50

filtration and excretion of metabolic byproducts, regulation of electrolytes and blood pressure, reabsorb glucose and hormonal functions

Question 51

what is the difference between gross and microscopic haematuria? (2)

Answer 51

gross haematuria is blood in the urine that is visible to the naked eye and microscopic is blood in the urine that is only seen under a microscope.