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Digestive Accessory Organs Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

There are three large salivary glands, found in _______, called the _______, _______, and _______.

A

pairs; parotids; sub-mandibulars; sub-linguals

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2
Q

Salivary gland

A

Lobated gland encapsulated in CT that invades the glandular elements to form septae that separate the organ into lobules
Parenchyma of each consists of secretory units on a branching duct system, arranged in lobules

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3
Q

Salivary secretory units are comprised of three epithelial cell types: _______, _______, and _______.

A

serous cells; mucous cells; myoepithelial cells

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4
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

Modified epithelial cells containing actin and myosin that are found in the basal lamina surrounding acini, tubules, and the proximal ends of the duct system
They contract to squeeze the contents of the secretory unit or duct

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5
Q

There are three types of ducts:

A

Intercalated duct
Striated duct
Excretory duct

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6
Q

Intercalated duct

A

Short, intralobular ducts composed of simple cuboidal epithelium that acini and tubules empty their contents into
Merge with other intercalated ducts and empty into striated ducts
Part of the intralobular duct system

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7
Q

Striated duct

A

Intralobular ducts composed of simple columnar epithelium that intercalated ducts empty into
Converge and drain into excretory ducts
Epithelia have basal membrane invaginations and an accumulation of mitochondria (characteristics of ion-transporting cells)

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8
Q

Excretory duct

A

Thick interlobular ducts (found in the septa) composed of stratified cuboidal epithelium that becomes stratified columnar epithelium

Striated ducts empty their contents into excretory ducts

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9
Q

Serous acinus

A

Somewhat basophilic due to its secretory product
Secretes zymogen granules
Watery secretion
Find all over

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10
Q

Mucous acinus

A

Slightly eosinophilic due to its secretory product
Secretes carbohydrate-rich product
Sticky, viscous secretion

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11
Q

Demi-lune

A

Cap of serous cells found on top of mucous acini

Secretes the protein product lysozyme that digests bacterial cell walls

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12
Q

The duct cells of acinus ducts can _______ secretions.

A

modify

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13
Q

Simple cuboidal cells of intercalated ducts absorb _______ and secrete _______ to modify secretions.

A

chloride; bicarbonate

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14
Q

Simple columnar cells of striated ducts reabsorb _______ and secrete _______ and _______ to modify secretions.

A

sodium; potassium; bicarbonate

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15
Q

Secretory ducts _______ modify secretions.

A

don’t

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16
Q

Parotids

A

Large, entirely serous glands found on the sides of the face
Stenson’s duct deposits saliva in upper part of oral cavity by the second molar
Key gland for oral digestion
Secretes alpha-amylase
Produces IgA

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17
Q

Why do the parotids stain basophilic?

A

All acini are serous

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18
Q

IgA produced by the parotids functions to_______.

A

defend against antigens from food

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19
Q

Name the accessory organs of the digestive system.

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder

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20
Q

How do you distinguish the parotids from the pancreas?

A

The pancreas has islets of Langerhans

Facial nerve can sometimes be seen in the parotids

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21
Q

Sub-mandibular glands

A

Gland beneath the base of the mandible
Mixed gland, containing mucous acini, but predominately serous
Produces some saliva

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22
Q

Serous cells

A

Polarized, pyramidal, protein-secreting cells with round nuclei
Contain apical secretory granules
Contain abundant RER at the basal end
Joined together apically by tight junctions
Form a spherical unit called an acini with a very small central lumen

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23
Q

Acini

A

Salivary secretory unit made up of serous cells bound by tight apical junctions in a spherical shape
Has a very small central lumen
Cells secrete enzymes and other proteins

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24
Q

Mucous cells

A

Somewhat columnar cells with a compressed basal nuclei
Contain apical granules with hydrophobic mucins that provide lubricating properties to saliva but cause poor cell staining
Organized into cylindrical tubules

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25
Sub-lingual glands
Smallest salivary glands Located under the tongue Mostly mucous
26
Saliva
Produce 120 mL in 24 hours Starts, but doesn't finish digestion of carbohydrates Defense via IgA, lysozyme Lubrication of the oral cavity Lubrication, mixing, and softening of food to aid in swallowing Dissolve tastant molecules in food that we taste Buffers via bicarbonate
27
Why doesn't saliva finish digestion of carbohydrates?
Food doesn't stay in the mouth for a long period of time
28
Control of salivary secretion is _______ and depends on both _______ and _______ stimulation.
autonomic; sympathetic; parasympathetic
29
Sympathetic stimulation of salivation
Decreases salivation | Responsible for dry mouth in fight-or-flight response
30
Parasympathetic stimulation of salivation
Increases salivation
31
Pancreas
Elongated, CT-encapsulated gland under the stomach Consists of three regions: head, body, and tail Both exocrine and endocrine gland that produces both digestive enzymes and hormones CT separates the parenchyma into lobules
32
The pancreas has both _______ and _______ functions.
exocrine; endocrine
33
Exocrine function of the pancreas
Produces enzymes, collectively called pancreatic juice that is released as zymogen granules to prevent auto digestion Duct cells secrete the fluid for pancreatic juice Secrete bicarbonate and sodium that keep zymogens inactive until they get to the duodenum
34
Endocrine function of the pancreas
Islets of Langerhans scattered through the exocrine pancreas Consist of A cells, B cells, and D cells Highly vascularized with many fenestrated capillaries
35
A cells of islets of Langerhans
Alpha α cells 20% of cells Produces glucagon
36
B cells
Beta β cells | Produce insulin
37
D cells
``` Delta ∆ cells Produces somatostatin (pleiotropic) ```
38
Glucagon
Peptide hormone produced by α cells of the pancreas that raises the glucose concentration in the blood
39
Insulin
Peptide hormone produced by β cells of the pancreas that lowers the glucose concentration in the blood
40
Somatostatin of the pancreas
Peptide hormone produced by ∆ cells of the pancreas that regulates secretion of local insulin and glucagon
41
Pleiotropic
Having two opposite effects
42
_______ can be used to identify α, β, and ∆ cells.
Immunolabeling
43
What makes the zymogen granules of the exocrine pancreas?
Acini cells
44
Exocrine secretion in the pancreas is regulated mainly by two polypeptide hormones produced by enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine called _______ and _______.
secretin; CCK
45
Secretin
Polypeptide hormone produced by enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine Promotes water and bicarbonate secretion by the duct cells
46
CCK
Cholecystokinin Polypeptide hormone produced by enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine Stimulates enzyme secretion by acinar cells
47
Mixed salivary glands have _______ secretory units with both _______ and _______ secretions.
tubuloacinar; serous; mucous
48
What produces the digestive enzymes of the pancreas?
Serous acini (exocrine portion)
49
Pancreatic acini
Consists of serous cells around a very small lumen No myoepithelial cells Cells are polarized, with a round basal nuclei and apical zymogen granules (typical of protein-secreting cells) Each acinus is drained by a short intercalated duct of simple squamous epithelium
50
The initial, lightly-staining cells of pancreatic intercalated ducts are called _______ and are unique to the pancreas.
centroacinar
51
Liver
Encapsulated organ in the URQ (Glisson's capsule made of fibrous CT) Separated into 2 lobes Peritoneum on top of capsule
52
What is the function of the liver?
Detoxification of blood Produces bile salta/acids that emulsify fats for digestion Metabolizes old RBC, especially bilirubin Stores glucose Glycogenolysis (breaks glucose down when needed) Gluconeogenesis (a.a. to glucose) Vitamin A and D Makes proteins
53
Bilirubin
Product of RBC metabolism | Metabolized by the liver
54
What proteins does the liver make?
Albumins (trafficking protein; iron, fats, steroids) Globulins Fibrinogen (blood clotting) Lipoproteins
55
The liver has two types of blood, _______ and _______ blood.
venous; arteriole
56
Venous blood of the liver
75% of blood | Via SI, spleen, and pancreas via hepatic portal vein
57
Arteriole blood of the liver
25% of blood | Via hepatic artery
58
What is the distinguishing feature of the liver?
Cells are arranged into lobules with a central venule and hepatocytes in cords Every hepatic lobule has a portal triad
59
Portal triad
Every hepatic lobule has one associated with it Bile ductule branching from a bile duct Venule branching from the hepatic portal vein Arteriole branching from the hepatic artery
60
What is the flow of blood from the hepatic triad in the liver?
Central vein --> hepatic portal veins --> inferior vena cava --> heart
61
Blood and bile are never _______.
mixed
62
Hepatocytes
``` Very large cells of the liver Many are binucleate Many are polyploid Regenerative capabilities Non-mitotic; replaced by stem cells ```
63
Gallbladder
Organ that stores bile produced by the liver Expands and contracts easily Bile condensates
64
What can happen to the gallbladder if someone is too dehydrated?
The bile can condensate too much and gall stones may form
65
Layers of the gallbladder tube
Modified Lining of simple columnar epithelium with many microvilli DOES NOT HAVE a submucosa Very thick muscularis externa of smooth muscle that runs in different directions Adventitia where it touches the liver and serosa on free surfaces
66
_______ induces gallbladder contraction.
CCK

Histology (14 decks)

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