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Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Transport of blood and lymph to and from organs
Consist of the heart, blood vessels, and lymph vessels
Closed system in vertebrates, open in invertebrates

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2
Q

Closed system

A

Blood is always maintained within a series of tubes (vessels)
Found in vertebrates

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3
Q

Open system

A

Blood (aka hemolymph) leaves the vessels and contacts cells directly
Found in invertebrates

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4
Q

Coronary circuit

A

Blood flow through the heart tissue and back to the heart

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5
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Heart to lungs and back

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6
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Everything else besides the coronary and pulmonary circuits

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7
Q

Blood flow goes from the _______ –> _______ –> _______ –> _______ –> _______ –> _______ –> _______.

A

heart; arteries; arterioles; capillaries; venues; veins; heart

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8
Q

Arterioles and venules comprise the _______.

A

microvasculature

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9
Q

Arteries and veins comprise the _______.

A

macrovasculature

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10
Q

Portal blood flow

A

Capillary to a vein to a capillary
Hepatic portal system
Hypothalamal hypothoseal portal system

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11
Q

Heart

A

4 chambered organ with 4 layers of tissue

Cardiac muscle cells

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12
Q

What are the four layers of heart tissue?

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Pericardium
  3. Myocardium
  4. Endocardium
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13
Q

Epicardium

A

Epithelial serous membrane covering the heart

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14
Q

Pericardium

A

Membrane that envelops the heart as it grows

2 layers

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15
Q

Myocardium

A

Thick, muscular layer of the heart

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16
Q

Endocardium

A

3 thin separate layers of the heart

  1. Endothelium
  2. Subendothelial layer
  3. Subendocardial layer
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17
Q

Endothelium

A

Layer of the endocardium layer of the heart
Simple squamous epithelium
Makes contact with the blood

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18
Q

Subendothelium layer

A

Layer of the endocardium of the heart

Made up of CT fibers such as elastin and collagen

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19
Q

Subendocardial layer

A

Layer of the endocardium layer of the heart

Made up of CT fibers such as elastin, collagen, and conducting fibers

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20
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Conducting fibers in the subendocardial layer of the heart
Initiate and transport action potentials
Cluster of large cells; non-contractile, modified muscle cells

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21
Q

Pacemakers take over for the _______ when it malfunctions.

A

SA node

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22
Q

The heart has a fibrous _______ running throughout the heart muscle that forms the _______.

A

skeleton; valves

23
Q

The two heart valves are the _______ (aka _______ valve) and the _______ valves.

A

bicuspid; mitral; tricuspid

24
Q

The aortic and pulmonary valves are also formed by the _______.

A

fibrous skeleton

25
The heart has _______ innervation.
dual
26
The heart is innervated by the _______ and _______ nervous systems, which are both branches of the _______ nervous system.
sympathetic; parasympathetic; autonomic
27
Sympathetic innervation of the heart
Increases rate and force of contraction Mediated by norepinephrin 2 sympathetic accelerating nerves β-1 receptors
28
Parasympathetic innervation of the heart
Decreases rate and force of contraction Mediated by acetylcholine Vagus nerve (X) Muscarine receptor
29
Capillaries
Tiny numerous bv that are the site of exchange between cells and blood Made up of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) anchored to a basement membrane Have pericytes on top of cells
30
Pericyte
Contractile cell with actin, myosin, and tropomyosin that sit on cells of capillaries Help in healing wounds
31
Continuous capillary
Has zona occludens for tight junctions and inhibition of paracellular movement Forms the BBB
32
Fenestrated capillary
Has fenestrations in the cell membrane with a very thin diaphragm (thinner than the cell membrane) Found in places where you need quick exchange, such as the kidneys, endocrine cells, and the intestine
33
Sinusoidal capillaries
Have large spaces between cells with no basal lamina covering the spaces, only covering the individual cells Allows RBC exchange Found in the spleen and bone marrow
34
Blood vessels have 3 layers, or _______, called _______, _______, and _______.
tunics; tunica intima; tunica media; tunica adventitia
35
Tunica intima
Innermost tunic of a blood vessel Simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) Has a sub endothelial layer that anchors and separates this tunica from the next tunic
36
Tunica media
Middle tunic of a blood vessel | Smooth muscle that recoils and stretches
37
Tunica adventitia
Outermost tunic of a blood vessel Fibrous CT surrounding the entire tube Continuous with surrounding tissue
38
Internal elastic membrane
Condensation of elastic fibers found between the tunica intima and tunica media Found mainly in arteries; small amounts may be found in other bv
39
External elastic membrane
Condensation of elastic fibers found between the tunica media and tunica adventitia Only found in large arteries
40
Vasa vasorum
"bv of the bv" Blood supply for very large vessels, such as the aorta and the vena cavas Bv is so thick in these vessels that it needs its own supply of blood, nutrients, and waste elimination Found in the tunica media of these vessels
41
What regulates the diameter of bv?
Nerve fibers
42
Sympathetic nerve innervation of bv
Release of norepinephrine makes the bv contract, making the lumen smaller (less blood flow) Important in arterioles, the main vessels for blood flow regulation
43
Sympathetic nerve fibers terminate in the _______ and release _______, where it must diffuse through the tunics to get to receptors on _______ muscle.
tunica adventitia; norepinephrine; smooth
44
Relaxation of bv can be _______ or _______.
passive; active
45
Passive relaxation of bv is due to _______.
lack of norepinephrine when there is no sympathetic innervation
46
Active relaxation of bv is due to _______.
acetylcholine release of parasympathetic innervation
47
Parasympathetic active relaxation of bv
ACh released --> Nitric oxide production --> diffuses to sm. muscle --> activates guanylyl cyclase --> forms cyclic GMP --> activates kinase G --> SERCA --> no contraction (larger lumen, therefore more blood flow)
48
SERCA
Ca+ pump on SER | Pumps Ca+ into SER out of muscle cytoplasm
49
Nitric oxide
NO Toxic Cells use to communicate
50
Artery
Very thick tunica media | No valves except for semilunar valves of pulmonary artery and aorta
51
Vein
Very thick adventitia | Large veins have modified tunica intima that forms valves
52
Valve
Specialization of tunica intima that prevents back flow of blood Found in veins, pulmonary artery, aorta
53
Varicose vein
Swollen, discolored vein close to skin surface | Can develop phlebitis, which can lead to clots that can become a thrombus and clog vessels
54
Phebitis
Inflammation of a vein

Histology (14 decks)

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