Digestive Anatomy - Part 1

Question 1

Extends through the abdominal pelvic cavity and is open at both ends

Answer 1

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
(Main organs of digestive system)

Question 2

T/F
Ingested food material passing through the lumen of the GI tract is outside the internal environment of the body

Answer 2

True

Question 3

How many tissue layers is the GI tract made of? What are they?

Answer 3

4
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

Question 4

Wall of GI tract

Inner most, facing lumen (inside)
3 layers
-inner mucosa epithelium
-lamina propria loose CT
-muscularis mucosae thin SM

Answer 4

1. Mucosa

Question 5

Wall of GI tract

Thicker connective tissue (CT) layer contains small glands, blood vessels and parasympathetic nerves

Answer 5

2. Submucosa

Question 6

Wall of GI tract

Thick layer of muscle with an inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle (SM)
Contains nerves between the two layers of muscle called myenteric plexus (myenteric = inside/between muscles)

Answer 6

3. Muscularis

Question 7

Wall of GI tract

Outermost layer, a serous membrane
The visceral layer of the peritoneum - serous membrane that covers organs and lines abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 7

Serosa

Question 8

The lining attached to and covering the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 8

Parietal layer

Question 9

The fold that connects the visceral and parietal layers

Answer 9

Mesentry

Question 10

Popping in the middle of the tube (GI tract)

Answer 10

Lumen

Question 11

Covered externally by skin and internally by mucous membrane; the junction between skin and mucous membrane is highly sensitive

Answer 11

Lips
*when lips are closed the line of contact is the oral fissure

Question 12

Lateral boundaries of the oral cavity, continuous with the lips and lined by mucous membrane; formed in large part by succinct or muscles covered by adipose tissue, contain mucous secreting glands

Answer 12

Cheeks
*buccal muscles

Question 13

Forms the partition between the mouth and nasopharynx and is made of muscle arranged in an arch

Answer 13

Soft palate

Question 14

Consists of portions of four bones: two maxillae and two palatines

Answer 14

Hard palate

Question 15

Where is the uvula situated?

Answer 15

Suspended from the midpoint of the posterior border of the arch

Question 16

Solid mass of skeletal muscle covered by a mucous membrane; extremely maneuverable

Answer 16

Tongue

Question 17

What are the 3 parts of the tongue?

Answer 17

Root, tip, body

Question 18

T/F
4 types of papillae are located on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue, some has taste buds

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

Answer 19

Lingual frenulum
*lingual vein is also on underside of tongue

Question 20

T/F
Intrinsic muscles of the tongue are important for speech and mastication
Extrinsic muscles are important for deglutition (swallowing) and speech

Answer 20

True

Question 21

How many main pairs of salivary glands are there?

Answer 21

3 (compound tubuloalveolar)
*secrete 1L of saliva each day

Question 22

T/F
Buccal glands contribute less than 5% of the total salivary volume but provide hygiene and comfort of oral tissues

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Largest of the paired salivary glands; produce watery serous type of saliva containing enzymes

Answer 23

Parotid glands

Question 24

Compound glands that contain enzyme and mucous producing elements

Answer 24

Submandibular glands

Question 25

Smallest of the salivary glands; produce a mucous type of saliva

Answer 25

Sublingual glands

Question 26

What is the only type of serous gland?

Answer 26

Parotid

Question 27

Organs of mastication

Answer 27

Teeth -crown (exposed portion) -neck (narrow portion that joints crown and root) -root See slide 13 for more information

Question 28

The tube which a food bolus passes when moved from the mouth to the esophagus by the process of deglutition -from mouth it goes through the faucets into the oropharynx and then laryngopharynx then to esophagus *aids in speech

Answer 28

Pharynx

Question 29

-tube that extends from the laryngopharynx to the stomach (25cm) -first segment of the digestive tube -lies posterior to the trachea and heart -normally flattened in a relaxed state

Answer 29

Esophagus

Question 30

How many parts of the esophagus are there?

Answer 30

3 -cervical -thoracic -abdominal

Question 31

What two sections of the esophagus are lined with stratified squamous epithelium to provide a thick abrasion resistant surface for swallowing

Answer 31

Upper 2/3 Cervical and thoracic

Question 32

What section of the esophagus is lined with columnar epithelium as a transition to the stomach lining

Answer 32

Lower 1/3 Abdominal

Question 33

Striated, voluntary

Answer 33

Upper 1/3 - cervical

Question 34

Striated, smooth

Answer 34

2/3 - middle Thoracic

Question 35

Smooth, involuntary

Answer 35

3/3 - lower Abdominal

Question 36

A muscular sphincter that acts like a valve to regulate the passage of material In the cervical part and helps to prevent air from entering the esophagus during respiration

Answer 36

Upper esophageal sphincter (UES) *main muscle is called cricopharyngeus

Question 37

-In the abdominal part of the esophagus and lies at the junction with the stomach -also called the cardiac sphincter -thick layer of muscle to help how food in the stomach to help prevent reflux (GERD)

Answer 37

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Question 38

T/F When no food is in the stomach it is approx. the size of a large sausage

Answer 38

True

Question 39

What is the capacity of the stomach in adults?

Answer 39

1-1.5L

Question 40

Where is the stomach located?

Answer 40

Upper part of the abdominal cavity, under liver and diaphragm Mostly to the left of midline in epigastrium and left hypochondrium regions of the abdomen

Question 41

Collar like region of the stomach at junction of esophagus

Answer 41

Cardia

Question 42

Enlarged portion of the stomach to the left and above the opening of the esophagus into the stomach

Answer 42

Fundus

Question 43

Central portion of the stomach

Answer 43

Body

Question 44

Lower part of the stomach

Answer 44

Pylorus

Question 45

Where will the air be situated in stomach if the patient is erect?

Answer 45

Fundus

Question 46

Upper curve of the stomach

Answer 46

Lesser curve

Question 47

Lower left curve of the stomach

Answer 47

Greater curvature

Question 48

Circular muscles arranged so an opening is in the center when relaxed and no opening is present when contracted

Answer 48

Sphincter muscles

Question 49

Controls the outlet of the pyloric portion of the stomach into the duodenum

Answer 49

Pyloric sphincter

Question 50

What are the 3 major secretory cells found in the gastric mucosa?

Answer 50

Chief cells, parietal cells, endocrine cells

Question 51

Where are the gastric glands found?

Answer 51

Below the level of the gastric pits, the secrete most gastric juices

Question 52

Secretory cells found in the gastric glands; secrete the enzymes of gastric juice

Answer 52

Chief cells

Question 53

Secretory cells found in the gastric glands; secrete hydrochloride acid; thought to produce intrinsic factor needed for vitamin B12 absorption

Answer 53

Parietal cells

Question 54

Secrets gastrin (influences gastric functions) and ghrelin, a hormone to increase appetite

Answer 54

Endocrine cells

Question 55

Thick layer of muscle with 3 distinct sublayers of smooth muscle tissue -longitudinal -circular -oblique* *arranged in crisscross pattern

Answer 55

Gastric muscularis

Question 56

What allows the stomach to contract strongly at many angles and to be very efficient at the mixing action

Answer 56

Muscles arranged in crisscross pattern

Question 57

What is the digestive organ that needs an extra layer of muscle?

Answer 57

Stomach *oblique layer

Question 58

-2.5cm in diameter -6m long -coiled loops fill most of abdominal cavity -smooth appearance

Answer 58

Small bowl

Question 59

-Uppermost division of small bowl -approx. 25cm long -“C” shaped (sometimes)

Answer 59

Duodenum

Question 60

-starts where tube takes abrupt turn forward and down -approx. 2.5m long -part of small bowel

Answer 60

Jejunum

Question 61

Part of small bowel Approx. 3.5m long

Answer 61

Ileum

Question 62

-6 cm diameter -1.5-1.8m long

Answer 62

Large intestine

Question 63

-first 5-8m of large intestine -blind pouch located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen -appendix is attached to the

Answer 63

Cecum

Question 64

-starts at cecum -vertical position on right side of abdomen up to liver

Answer 64

Ascending colon

Question 65

Where the ileum enters the cecum and then becomes the ascending colon, prevents material from passing from large intestine back into the ileum

Answer 65

Ileocecal valve

Question 66

Where ascending colon turns into liver horizontally and becomes transverse colon

Answer 66

Hepatic flexure

Question 67

Passes horizontally across the abdomen above small intestine, below liver, stomach and spleen; extends from hepatic flexure to splenic flexure

Answer 67

Transverse colon

Question 68

Where transverse colon turns downward and becomes descending colon

Answer 68

Splenic flexure

Question 69

Vertical position on left side of abdomen from the splenic flexure down, below the stomach and spleen to the level of the iliac crest

Answer 69

Descending colon

Question 70

Joins the descending colon below iliac crest, is S shaped and bends to the left to join the rectum

Answer 70

Sigmoid colon

Question 71

Gaping of large bowel (not smooth) caused by taeniae coli (like elastic in waist band)

Answer 71

Haustra

Question 72

-last 20cm of the intestinal tube -terminal inch is the anal canal

Answer 72

Rectum

Question 73

T/F In the anal canal the mucus lining is in vertical folds called anal columns

Answer 73

True

Question 74

T/F At the anus there are 2 sphincters 1. Internal - smooth muscle layer 2. External - striated muscle layer

Answer 74

True

Question 75

What direction is the anus positioned?

Answer 75

Directed posterior at almost a right angle to the rectum

Question 76

-accessory organ of digestive system -8-10cm long -communicates with cecum 3cm below ileocecal value -right side

Answer 76

Veriform appendix

Question 77

What is the function of the appendix?

Answer 77

-function not fully understood -may breed intestinal bacteria to aid in digestion and absorption of nutrients