Level 2 - Urinary System Part 1

Question 1

What are the 2 main functions of the kidneys?

Answer 1

1. Process blood by shifting out waste product and extra water
2. Form urine as a waste to be excreted

Question 2

What are the accessory organs of the kidneys?

Answer 2

Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Question 3

Regulates the content of blood to maintain “dynamic constancy” or homeostasis of the internal fluid environment within normal limits

Answer 3

Urinary system

Question 4

What is the vertebral level of the kidneys?

Answer 4

T12-L3

Question 5

T/F
It is possible to only see one kidney at level T12

Answer 5

True
Because the left kidney is higher

Question 6

T/F
It is possible to only see one kidney at L3

Answer 6

True
Because the left is higher, only the right may be seen at L3

Question 7

Concave notch on medial surface where vessels and tubes enter and exit kidney

Answer 7

Hilum

Question 8

What vertebral level is the Hilum situated?

Answer 8

L1

Question 9

What is the size of the kidney?

Answer 9

11cmx7cmx3cm

Question 10

Which kidney is larger and situated higher?why?

Answer 10

Left kidney is larger and higher than right

Liver sits on top of right kidney

Question 11

Where are the kidneys located?

Answer 11

In the retroperitoneal position, posterior to the parietal peritoneum (abdomen) against the posterior abdominal wall

*behind abdomen, beside L spine

Question 12

T/F
The superior poles of the kidneys extend above the level of the 12th rib at the lower edge of the thoracic parietal pleura

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What anchors and surrounds the kidneys?

Answer 13

Renal fasciae (connective tissue) anchors the kidneys to surrounding structures

Renal fat pads surround kidneys for heavy cushioning

The kidney is encased in a fibrous capsule

Question 14

Outer region of the kidney, under the capsule

Answer 14

Renal cortex

Question 15

Inner portion of the kidney that has renal pyramids

Answer 15

Medulla

Question 16

Comprise much of medullary tissue, they are roughly triangular in shape with the larger end called the base and the papilla is at the tip of each pyramid
Facing the Hilum and releases urine through multiple ducts into the calyces

Answer 16

Renal pyramids

Question 17

Cuplike structure at each renal papilla to collect urine; minor calyces join to form major calyces, which in turn form the renal pelvis

Answer 17

Calyx

Question 18

Where cortical (cortex) tissue dips into the medulla between pyramids

Answer 18

Renal columns

Question 19

What part of the renal pyramids point towards the Hilum?

Answer 19

Papilla (point)

Base is against cortex

Question 21

T/F
Renal pelvis narrows as it exits the kidney to become the ureter; acts as a collection basin to drain urine from the kidney

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What happens when a kidney stone is stuck in the ureter?

Answer 22

Renal pelvis backs up and expands

Question 23

Large branch of abdominal aorta; brings blood into each kidney at the Hilum

Answer 23

Renal artery

Question 24

T/F
Kidneys are highly vascular

Answer 24

True

Question 25

What arteries arch over the base of the renal pyramids?

Answer 25

Arcuate arteries

Question 26

Tube running from each kidney to the urinary bladder; composed of 3 layers: mucous lining (transitional), muscular middle layer made of smooth muscle that propels urine by peristalsis, and a fibrous CT outer layer

Answer 26

Ureter

Question 27

Where do the ureters begin?

Answer 27

Renal pelvis in the Hilum area (L1) *they are retroperitoneal

Question 28

Where do the ureters attach to the bladder?

Answer 28

Trigone floor (bottom of bladder)

Question 29

Why do the ureters run obliquely through the bladder wall for 2cm?

Answer 29

Helps the ureters act as valves when bladder is full to prevent back flow

Question 30

How many openings does the trigone floor have?

Answer 30

3 2 for ureters (posterior) 1 for urethra (anterior)

Question 31

Muscular, collapsible bag located behind the pubic symphysis for males and females Made mostly of smooth muscle tissue called the **detrusor** muscle Sits below parietal peritoneum, which covers only the superior surface and is retroperitoneal

Answer 31

Urinary bladder

Question 32

Where does the bladder sit in females?

Answer 32

Anterior to vagina and uterus

Question 33

Where does the bladder sit in males?

Answer 33

Superior to the prostate

Question 34

What is the function of the bladder?

Answer 34

Reservoir for urine before it leaves that body Aided by the urethra, it expels urine from the body

Question 36

Small mucous membrane lined tube extending from the trigone to the exterior of the body, external urinary meatus

Answer 36

Urethra

Question 37

Where is the urethra located in females, and how long is it?

Answer 37

Lies posterior to the pubic symphysis and anterior to the vagina Approx. 3cm long

Question 38

Where is the urethra located in males and how long is it?

Answer 38

Bladder -> prostate gland (joined by 2 ejaculatory ducts) -> base of penis -> center of penis -> ending at external urinary meatus Approx. 20cm long

Question 39

What is different about the male urethra then the female urethra?

Answer 39

Male urethra is part of the urinary system as well as the reproductive system

Question 40

Mechanism for voiding bladder

Answer 40

Urination or micturition

Question 41

What happens as bladder volume increases?

Answer 41

Micturation contractions (of detrusor muscles) increase and the internal urethral sphincter relaxes *involuntary* External urethral sphincter muscle contracts at first, then at appropriate time relaxes to release urine *voluntary*

Question 42

How much urine can the average bladder hold?

Answer 42

250ml

Question 43

Involuntary voiding

Answer 43

Incontinence

Question 44

The microscopic functional units, comprise the bulk of the kidney

Answer 44

Nephrons

Question 45

What is each nephron made up of?

Answer 45

Two regions (renal corpuscle and renal tubule) and connects to shared collecting duct

Question 46

Made up of the Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus. It is where fluid is filtered out of blood

Answer 46

Renal corpuscle *in cortex

Question 47

Made up of the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule

Answer 47

Renal tubule (in medulla) *the filtrate will leave the renal corpuscle and flow through the renal tubule where much is then returned back to blood

Question 48

Will carry remaining filtrate to leave as urine

Answer 48

Collecting duct

Question 49

Cup shaped mouth of the nephron

Answer 49

Bowman capsule *formed by 2 layers of epithelial cells Space between them is called Bowman’s space

Question 50

Capillary network inside the renal corpuscle

Answer 50

Glomerulus

Question 51

T/F The glomerulus is one of the most important capillary networks for survival

Answer 51

True