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Anatomy & Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

digestion

A

The breaking down of larger food particles into small molecules ready to enter the body cells

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2
Q

absorption

A

The passage of smaller molecules into blood and lymph

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3
Q

digestive system

A

the group of organs that break down food in order to absorb its nutrients

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4
Q

ingestion

A

taking food into the mouth

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5
Q

secretion

A

a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ

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6
Q

defecation

A

the elimination of variable amounts of indigestible substances from the GI tract through the anus

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7
Q

mixing and propulsion

A

alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of the GI tract to mix food and secretions and propel them toward the anus for defecation

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8
Q

functions of digestive system 6

A 
ingestion
secretion
defecation
mixing and propulsion
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion
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9
Q

mastication

A

the process in which food is crushed and mixed with saliva to form a bolus for swallowing

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10
Q

bolus

A

a ball-like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the mouth during the process of chewing

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11
Q

4 layers of digestive tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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12
Q

mucosa

A

inner mucous membrane

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13
Q

submucosa

A

loose connective tissue containing nerves, blood, and lymphatic vessels

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14
Q

muscularis

A

smooth muscle

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15
Q

peritoneum

A

the serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covering the abdominal organs.

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16
Q

x2 types of peritoneum

A

parietal + visceral

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17
Q

3 pairs of salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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18
Q

3 stages of swallowing

A

voluntary
pharyngeal
oesophageal

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19
Q

voluntary stage (swallowing)

A

bolus moves to oropharynx

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20
Q

pharyngeal stage (swallowing)

A

the involuntary passage of the bolus through the pharynx into the oesophagus, breathing is temporarily interrupted

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21
Q

oesophageal stage (swallowing)

A

the involuntary passage of the bolus through the oesophagus into the stomach

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22
Q

deglutition centre

A

located in the medulla oblongata and inferior pons, is responsible for swallowing.

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23
Q

oesophagus

A

A muscular, collapsible tube that lies posterior to the trachea, it is continuous with the laryngopharynx above, it joins the stomach just below the diaphragm

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24
Q

oesophagus function

A

creates mucous and transports food to the stomach

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25
x2 two oesophagus sphincters
upper | lower
26
Upper Oesophageal Sphincter function
Regulates the passage of food from the laryngopharynx into the oesophagus
27
Lower Oesophageal Sphincter function
when closed, prevents backflow of acid and stomach contents from travelling backwards from the stomach
28
stomach function
mixing area and reservoir for food, slowly releases material into the duodenum, converts bolus to chyme, mechanically digests food via churning
29
4 sections of stomach
cardia (opening to stomach at top) fundus (rounded top portion) body (large central portion) pylorus (connects to the duodenum)
30
sphincter in stomach
pyloric sphincter
31
rugae
Rugae - the large folds of mucosa tissue lining the inside of the stomach These Rugae are lined with narrow channels called gastric pits and columns of secretory cells called gastric glands
32
gastric juice function
pepsin (the chief protein digestant) allows for chemical digestion and HCI allows non specific defence against microbes
33
pepsin
enzyme that helps digestion of protein
34
small intestine function
greatest amount of digestion and absorption The small intestine has villi and microvilli to increase the surface area for effective and maximised absorption. This increases the rate of nutrient absorption/diffusion
35
small intestine x3 sections
DUODENUM, JEJENUM, ILIUM
36
large intestine function
to absorb water and salts from the material that has not been digested as food
37
large intestine x4 sections
COLON, CAECUM, RECTUM, ANUS
38
appendix (+function)
The appendix is a narrow, finger-shaped pouch that projects out from the colon It is believed to have lymphatic properties due to the abundance of lymph nodes situated around it.
39
4 sections of colon
The Ascending Colon The Transverse Colon The Descending Colon The Sigmoid Colon
40
rectum
a straight muscular tube that begins at the termination of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal
41
rectum function
receives stool from the colon
42
anal canal function
the maintenance of faecal continence and defecation this is achieved with the help of the anal sphincters and the neighbouring puborectalis muscle.
43
2 anal sphincters
The superior end of the anal canal is the internal anal sphincter The inferior end is the external anal sphincter
44
gastroenterology
the branch of medicine that looks at diseases of the oesophagus (gullet), stomach, small and large intestines (bowel), liver, gallbladder and pancreas
45
liver location
The upper right quadrant of the abdomen
46
liver function
filtration and storage of blood, metabolism (carbs/proteins/fats) and detoxification (drugs/poisons), secretory (bile), synthesis (plasma proteins)
47
2 major lobes of liver
right anterior/left anterior
48
2 minor lobes of liver
caudate posterior/quadrate posterior
49
blood supply for the liver? | 2 vessels
Hepatic artery + Hepatic portal Vein (from GI tract tissues)
50
lobule
The hepatic lobules are small divisions of the liver. Each lobule has a central branch of the hepatic vein, with its tributary sinusoids.
51
sinusoids
microscopic vessels within the liver, lined with phagocytic cells
52
hepatocytes
functional cells of the liver, responsible for metabolic, endocrine, and secretory function. Hepatocytes are arranged in sheets called hepatic laminae.
53
bile canaliculi
mini tubules that receive bile secreted by hepatocytes
54
the gall bladder
a sac-like structure inferior to the liver. It is responsible for storing bile produced by the liver
55
bile
A fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It helps with the digestion of fats by emulsifying fats into fatty acids, which can then be absorbed.
56
pancreas
a retroperitoneal gland, posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach. It is divided 3 sections, the head, body, and tail.
57
pancreas function
x2 primary functions endocrine (blood sugar regulation) - islets of langerhans secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream exocrine (digestive enzymes) - proteases (proteins) (chymotrypsin + trypsin, amylase (carbs), lipase (fats)
58
pancreatic juice consists of
digestive enzymes + bicarbonate
59
bicarbonate
a base used for neutralising the acid entering the small intestine from the stomach
60
GI bleed
Any form of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the rectum.
61
clinical presentation of GI bleed | 3
Vomiting of blood black or red Bloody stool Black stool
62
sites of lower GI bleed + their causes (3)
Jejunum (polyps (tissue growths, clumps of cells), cancer, IBS) Ileum (polyps (tissue growths, clumps of cells), cancer, IBS) Colon (polyps (tissue growths, clumps of cells), cancer, IBS)
63
sites of upper GI bleed + their causes (3)
Oesophagus (varices, enlarged/swollen veins) Stomach (ulcer (sore), gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining)) Duodenum (duodenal ulcers)
64
appendicitis
A painful inflammation of the appendix
65
appendicitis clinical presentation | 3
Pain in the lower right iliac abdominal region Progressive over 4-6 hours Rebound pain
66
appendicitis cautions
sudden pain relief may indicate rupture of appendix, this leads to peritonitis
67
peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum
68
peritonitis clinical presentation | 4
Board-like abdomen Distension (dilation/ballooning effect) and rigid abdomen Fever Nausea and Vomiting
69
peritonitis potential causes
Abdominal Surgery (infection risk) Ectopic Pregnancy Perforation (ulcer, trauma, appendix rupture
70
bowel obstructions
A partial or complete block of the small or large intestine that keeps food, liquid, gas, and stool from moving through the intestines in a normal way.
71
intussusception
A serious medical condition where part of the intestine slips (telescopes, see picture ->) into a neighbouring part resulting in blockage of food and/or fluid from passing through and loss of blood supply to the affected part of the intestine.
72
paralytic ileus
A condition where the motor activity of the bowel is impaired, usually without the presence of a physical obstruction.
73
retroperistalsis
The reverse of the involuntary smooth muscle contractions of peristalsis
74
dysentery
An infection of the intestines that causes diarrhoea containing blood or mucus

Anatomy & Physiology (17 decks)

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