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Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the lining epithelium.

A
  1. Stratified squamous = lips to non-glandular stomach (+ anus)
    -oral cavity
    -tongue
    -esophagus
  2. Simple columnar = glandular stomach & intestine
    -mucosa
    -rectum
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2
Q

Describe the oral cavity.

A

-lips, cheeks, palate, pharynx, tongue
-stratified squamous (K or non-K)
-submucosa of CT
-salivary glands & tonsils
EX. Dental pads in ruminants

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3
Q

Describe the tongue.

A

-mucosa
-stratified squamous (K dorsally)
-papillae = mechanical & gustatory (some taste buds) cats
-skeletal muscle (longitudinal, transverse, vertical)

Papillae
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4
Q

Taste bud (picture).

A
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5
Q

Describe dentition.

A

-type of food consumed
-prehension
-mastication (chewing)
influence shape & structure

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6
Q

Describe the tooth.

A

HARD:
-enamel = covers external surface above gum line [ameloblasts]
-cementum = covers external surface below gum line [cementoblasts]
-dentin = beneath enamel & cementum [odonoblasts]

SOFT:
-pulp = loose CT & nerves
-periodontal ligament = fibroblasts

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7
Q

Describe enamel & dentin formation during tooth development.

A

-odontoblasts cover surface of mesenchymal papilla & produce dentin
-ameloblasts = produce enamel
>tall & columnar

Outer to innermost: Ameloblasts, enamel, dentin, odontoblasts
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8
Q

Describe brachydont.

A

-short & stop growing after eruption
-crown (above gingiva)
-neck (below gingiva)
-1 or more roots in a bony socket (alveolus)
-all teeth of carnivores (humans), incisors of ruminants, teeth of pigs except incisors

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9
Q

Describe hypsodont.

A

-tall & continue to grow after eruption
-no crown/neck
-horses, cheek teeth of ruminant, canine teeth of pigs, rodents (ex. Bunny)

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10
Q

Describe the general organization of tubular digestive organs.

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa/Adventitia
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11
Q

Describe the mucosa of tubular digestive organs.

A
  1. Epithelial lining
    -simple columnar & glandular
  2. Lamina propria
    -loose CT
    -blood vessels, lymphatics, lymphocytes, smooth muscle
    -supports epithelium
  3. Muscularis mucosae
    -smooth muscle
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12
Q

Describe the submucosa of the tubular digestive organs.

A

-loose CT
-motility of mucosa
-vessels, nerve plexus (submucosal)
-(+/-) lymphatics, glands

esophagus P = papilla MM = muscularis mucosa MP = muscularis SM = submucosa M = mucosa
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13
Q

Describe the muscularis of the tubular digestive organs.

A

-smooth or skeletal
-2 layers of smooth = inner circular & outer longitudinal
-controls lumen size, motility of tube
-myenteric nerve plexus, vessels

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14
Q

Describe the serosa/adventitia of the tubular digestive organs.

A

Serosa:
-mesothelium + loose CT
-(+/-) adipose tissue
-continuous with mesentary omentum & peritoneum

Adventitia:
-loose/dense CT

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15
Q

Describe the enteric NS.

A

Division of ANS
1. Submucosal plexus = meissners plexus
2. Myenteric plexus = Auerbachs plexus
each region = nerves connecting ganglia

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16
Q

Describe the esophagus.

A

-stratified squamous (K or non K)
-submucosa = mucous glands
-muscularis = skeletal (dogs, ruminants) or both (cats, horses, pigs)
-adventitia

SS = epithelium LP = lamina propria MM = muscularis mucosae GL = submucosal glands D = ducts
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17
Q

Describe the stomach.

A

-digestive tube with sphincters at entry (cardia) & exit (pylorus)
-mucosa
>non glandular = stratified squamous
>glandular = simple columnar

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18
Q

Describe the stomach (species-specific).

A
  1. Simple
    -carnivores & human
    -glandular mucosa
  2. Compound multichambered
    -ruminants
    -stratified squamous in forestomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum)
    -glandular in abomasum (true stomach)
  3. Composite
    -pig & horse
    -glandular & stratified squamous
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19
Q

Describe the composite stomach of a horse.

A

Margo plicatus (mp) =
-junction between glandular (g) columnar & non glandular (ng) stratified squamous stomach

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20
Q

Describe the compartments of ruminant forestomaches.

A

all lined by keratinized stratified squamous
1. Rumen = largest, low papillae, increased SA
2. Reticulum = honeycomb mucosa (smooth muscle)
3. Omasum = leaves ‘butchers bible’

-Rumen & reticulum = mixing, eructation, regurgitation, movement of ingesta, absorption of VFAs (volatile fatty acids)
-Omasum = squeezes ingesta & liquifies & moves to abomasum (true stomach) for more digestion

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21
Q

Rumen (picture).

A

P = papilla
LP-s = lamina propria
M = muscularis

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22
Q

Reticulum (picture).

A
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23
Q

Omasum (picture).

A

La = interpapillar space, arrows pointing to lining mucosa
L-m = lamina propria
M = muscularis

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24
Q

Describe the glandular stomach.

A

abomasum in ruminants
3 regions in all species:
1. Cardia
2. Fundus/body
3. Pylorus
simple columnar in all regions
-gastric pits = invaginations of epithelium lead to glands
-rugae (folds) = distention
-muscularis = smooth muscle (oblique, circular, longitudinal)
-serosa

V = vessels SM = submucosa M = mucosa ME = muscularis externa S = serosa
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25
What are the glandular regions of the stomach?
*all regions covered by mucous* 1. Cardiac -mucous glands 2. Fundic -gastric glands >parietal cells = secrete HCl >chief cells = produce pepsinogen >endocrine G cells produce GI hormone ‘gastrin’ (enters blood) 3. Pyloric -mucous glands -endocrine G cells
26
Cardiac region (picture).
P = gastric pit G = glands Lp = lamina propria Lm = lamina muscularis (muscularis mucosae) S = submucosa
27
Fundic region (picture).
Parietal = pink Chief = purple
28
Pyloric region (picture).
*G cells not visible without special stain.* P = gastric pit LP = lamina propria G = gland
29
Describe the contents of lg VS sm intestines.
Small: (finger-like projections) -duodenum -jejunum -ileum Large: -caecum -colon -rectum
30
Describe the small intestine.
-simple columnar -enterocytes = absorptive -goblet cells = make mucus -circular folds, villi, microvilli = increase SA -submucosal glands in duodenum (submucosa) = ‘brunner’s glands’ -lymphatic nodules in ileum (submucosa) = ‘Peyers patches’ -MALT = mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
31
Describe the small intestine mucosa.
Villi: -papillary projections into lumen -absorption Intestinal crypts: -base of villi -invaginations of epithelium -site of cell production/division
32
Describe the intestinal epithelium.
-enterocytes = absorptive microvilli -goblet cells = mucus -stem cells = proliferative (migrate out of crypt as they develop) -enteroendocrine cell = regeneration (4-5 days) >target for parvo virus
33
Crypts of Lieberkuhn (picture).
34
Longitudinal section of villi (picture).
Lamina propria = loose CT with smooth muscle, lymphatics, blood vessels, lymphoid cells
35
Describe lacteals.
-lymphatic vessels in intestinal villi -chyle = found in lacteals >filtered through intestinal lymph before reentering blood at jug vein
36
Describe lymphoid tissue.
-lymphocytes & plasma cells in lamina propria -peyers patch: >lymphoid nodules in lamina propria & submucosa of sm intestine >seen in jejunum & ileum
37
Describe M cells.
-specialized epithelial cells that sample antigens from lumen
38
Describe brunners glands.
-produce alkaline mucus to protect duodenum from acidic chyme -not present in non-mammalians
39
Describe the large intestine.
-absorb water -secrete mucus -fermentation -volatile fatty acid absorption in hind gut fermenters -no villi -intestinal crypts (glands) -simple columnar -pigs & horses = taeniae coli (long flat bands) -> smooth muscle & elastic fibers from haustra
40
Describe the rectum & anus.
Rectum: -simple columnar -store feces -secretes mucus Anus: -stratified squamous R = rectal mucosa N = lymphoid nodule R-a = rectoanal junction ‘mucocutaneous junction’ A = anal mucosa
41
What are the 3 glandular regions of the anus?
1. Anal glands = empty into lumen of anus 2. Anal sac glands = empty into anal sacs (carnivores) 3. Circumanal glands = non patent ducts, unknown function, benign tumors *dogs*
42
Describe anal sacs.
-paired (lateral & below anus in carnivores) -keratinized stratified squamous -between smooth muscle of interanal sphincter & skeletal muscle of external anal sphincter -glands: >apocrine tubular sweat glands in dog >sebaceous & tubular apocrine sweat glands in cat
43
Describe circumanal/perianal glands.
-present in subcutis around anus in dogs (+ skin near prepuce, tail, flank, groin) -glands similar to hepatocytes = ‘hepatoid glands’
44
Esophagus (picture).
45
Tongue (picture).
46
Colon (picture).
47
Stomach (picture).
48
Describe saliva.
-salivary glands: Contains water,salts, mucin, enzymes(amylase,maltase, lipase), IgA, lysozyme, lactoferrin and suspended cells (desquamated epithelial cells, leukocytes, bacteria) -function: digestion, moisture, lubrication, local immunity,evaporative cooling
49
Describe salivary glands (lobulated).
1. Major gland: parotid, sublingual, mandibular 2. Minor gland: (intramural) lingual, palatal, labial, buccal, zygomatic (carnivores), molar (cats) -types of secretion: serous, mucous, mixed
50
Parotid salivary gland (picture).
Serous
51
Sublingual salivary gland (picture).
Mucous
52
Describe the liver.
-largest visceral organ (1-4%) -caudal to diaphragm -blood circulation, filter, regeneration >1/3 blood from hepatic artery >2/3 blood from portal vein ~25% weight of liver is blood
53
Describe the components of the liver.
[blood flows to right & bile to left] -hepatocytes -vasculature -biliary tree (bile) -kupffer cells (macrophage) -ito/Stellate cells (regen) -oval/stem cells (regen) -pit cells -CT
54
Describe hepatocytes.
-polygonal, epithelial cells -detox -deamination (aa->urea) -make bile (digestion) -make blood proteins -gluconeogenesis -store energy (glycogen & triglycerides) *arranged in cords/plates*
55
Vasculature (picture).
56
Vasculature (picture 2).
Hepatic artery (HA) bile duct (BD) portal vein (PV) lymphatic vessels (LV) limiting plate (LP—dotted line)
57
Describe the perisinusoidal space.
‘Space of disse’ -site of exchange of blood & hepatocyte
58
Describe the intrahepatic biliary tree.
-canaliculi = spaces -canals & ductules lined by cuboidal (cholangiocytes) -bile ductules = located in portal triads
59
Describe kupffer cells.
-macrophages -located in blood sinusoids -remove aged blood cells, pathogens, toxins -intracellular iron pigment (hemosiderin)
60
Describe ito cells (stellate cells).
-vit a metabolism -collagen production -lg round lipid vacuoles -space of disse
61
Describe oval cells (stem cells).
-pluripotent cells -found in biliary tree
62
Describe pit cells.
-granular leukocytes -found in sinusoids
63
Describe connective tissue.
-lobe covered by mesothelium (serosa) -located over a CT layer (capsule) -lobules = separated by CT septa
64
Describe the classic hepatic lobule. (Anatomical)
-drains blood from portal vein & hepatic artery to hepatic or central vein
65
Describe portal lobule.
-drains bile from hepatocytes to bile duct
66
Describe hepatic acinus. (Functional)
-supplies oxygenated blood to hepatocytes
67
Describe zone 3. (Centrilobular)
-nearest venule = susceptible to hypoxia -detoxification enzymes = susceptible to metabolites from toxins *least oxygenated*
68
Describe zone 1 (periportal).
-hepatocytes closest to O2 & nutrient rich arterial & portal inflow -susceptible to direct acting toxins
69
Describe the gallbladder.
-accepts bile from cystic duct for storage -mucosal ‘folds’ when gallbladder is empty -bile ducts lined with short columnar epithelium -gallbladder lined with tall columnar epithelium -epithelial cells can modify bile (absorption of water & inorganic salts) -smooth muscle -serosa
70
Lumen of gallbladder (picture).
71
Describe the pancreas.
-dual gland = exocrine & endocrine -exocrine = tubuloacinar secretory units - make digestive enzymes >trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, amylase -endocrine = pancreatic islets ‘islets of langerhans’ - produce hormones >insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide
72
Pancreatic islet (picture).
73
Acinar cell (picture).
74
Describe the stroma of the pancreas.
-thin CT capsule (serosa) + trabeculae w blood vessels, lymph vessels, & nerves -Pacinian corpuscle (cat)
75
Describe the parenchyma of the pancreas.
-endocrine = 5% of parenchyma -exocrine = 95% of parenchyma
76
Describe the exocrine pancreas.
-serous acinar glands = zymogen granules -eosinophilic

Micro (18 decks)

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