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Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the overview of urinary system.

A

1) kidney (capsule, cortex, medulla, pelvis, interstitium)
-excrete nitrogenous waste
-conserve body fluids & electrolytes
-reabsorb solutes & water
2) ureter
-urine to bladder
3) urinary bladder
-store urine
4)urethra
-expel urine

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2
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

1) water & electrolyte homeostasis
-filtration of cellular waste from blood
-selective reabsorbtion of water & solutes
-regulation of fluid balance
-maintain electrolyte homeostatic/ acid base balance
2)excretion of metabolic waste products, bio active substances (drugs) & excess water
3) production of hormones: renin & erythropoietin
4) regulation of BP
-juxtaglomerular apparatus
5) activation of Vit D

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3
Q

Describe abnormal urine.

A

1) content
-glucose, blood, haemoglobin, myoglobin, bacteria, cells
2) color
-haemoglobin, myoglobin, bilirubin
3) volume
-polyuria, oliguria, anuria

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4
Q

Describe primary renal diseases.

A

according to site of injury
-glomeruli
-tubules
-blood vessels
-ascending infections
-renal neoplasia
-renal infarction
-renal failure

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5
Q

Describe the structure of the kidney.

A

-capsule
-renal lobe/pyramid
-outer cortex
-inner medulla
-papillae/crest
-calices (dilation of renal pelvis)
-pelvis (dilation of proximal ureter)

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of kidney lobes?

A

1) unilobar = carnivores (pyramid)
2) multilobar = ruminants (segmented)
3) multilobar = pig (smooth surface)

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7
Q

Describe the important tissues of the kidney.

A

1) capsule
-collagen
-smooth muscle
-blood vessels
2) cortex
-renal corpuscles (nephron)
-convoluted tubule (nephron)
3) medulla
-loop of Henle (nephron)
-collecting duct
4) pelvis
-urothelium
-submucosa
-smooth muscle
-adventitia

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8
Q

Describe the nephron.

A

-functional unit
-site of osmoregulation via:
-filtration of water & sm molecules from blood plasma to form a filtrate
-selective reabsorption of most of the water and other molecules

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9
Q

Describe the important structures in the cortex of the kidney.

A

-renal corpuscles
-proximal tubule (microvilli)
-distal convoluted tubules (cuboidal)
-collecting tubules
-peritubular capillary plexus

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10
Q

Describe the important structures of the medulla in the kidney.

A

-loops of henle
-collecting ducts
-vasa recta

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11
Q

Describe the glomerus.

A

Loops of capillaries with fenestrated endothelium in bowman’s capsule.
*mesangial cells between capillaries *

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12
Q

Describe bowman’s capsule.

A

-visceral epithelium = podocyte
-glomerular basement membrane
-urinary space
-parietal epithelium = squamous cells
-vascular pole
-urinary (tubular) pole

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13
Q

Describe the vascular pole (ultrafiltration of glomerus).

A

-blood enters the glomerular capillaries via afferent arteriole
-blood exits at efferent arteriole

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14
Q

Describe ultrafiltration at the glomerus.

A

-blood pushes through filtration barrier
>fenestrated endothelium
>glomerular BM
>podocyte foot processes
-ultrafiltrate enters urinary space

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15
Q

Describe the urinary pole (ultrafiltration at the glomerulus).

A

-ultrafiltrate enters proximal convoluted tubule

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16
Q

What are the 3 components of the filtration barrier?

A

located in cortex = glomerus
1. Endothelium of glomerular capillary loops with fenestrated NS
2. Glomerular BM = fused basal laminae of capillaries & podocyte
3. Podocyte with pedicels (foot processes)
*outcome = albumin & lg molecules retained. Sm molecule cross freely with ultrafiltrate.

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17
Q

What molecules are in filtrates?

A

-water
-glucose
-amino acids
-ions
-urea
-hormones
-vitamins B & C
-ketones
-protein

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18
Q

Describe the formation of urine.

A
  1. Primary/glomerular filtrate = produced by ultrafiltration of blood in renal corpuscles
  2. Ultrafiltrate similar to blood plasma (doesn’t contain most protein)
  3. Reabsorption of most substances (98% of filtrate reabsorbed)
    -water & Na
    -glucose & amino acids
  4. Tubular secretion: K, H, NH4, bile salts, drug metabolites
  5. Waste molecules + some water stay in tubular system & empty into the ureter.
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19
Q

Describe mesangial cells.

A

-phagocytic
-contractile
-support
-mesangial cells + matrix = mesangium

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20
Q

What happens if you don’t have a glomerus?

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A

-renal tubule is surrounded by a renal portal system & forms primitive urine by tubular secretion

21
Q

Describe the 3 renal tubules.

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A
  1. Proximal tubule
  2. Thin descending & thick ascending limb of nephron (henles) loop
  3. Distal convoluted tubule
22
Q

Describe the proximal convoluted tubule.

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A

-begin at urinary pole
-only in cortex
-cuboidal with microvilli = brush border
-BM
-metabolically active with mitochondria
>na/k pump
>aquaporin
>peroxisomes
-endosomes
-lysosomes
-reabsorb glucose, na/H2O, amino acids, peptides & low molecular weight proteins

23
Q

What are the important aspects of Proximal Tubules?

Study These Flashcards
A

-reabsorb anions, cations, urea
-active & absorb Na & water from glomerular filtrate in the PCT + glucose & amino acids
-activate Vit D

24
Q

Describe PCT & DCT components.

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A
  1. Microvilli (PCT only)
  2. Basal striation = folds of PM with ATP driven Na pump both in PCT and in DCT
  3. Mitochondria = provide ATP for Na+ pump
25
Describe the loop of henle (nephron loop).
-continues from PCT -Thick descending: cuboidal -thin: squamous (T) -thick ascending: cuboidal (A) -in medulla only
26
Longitudinal picture of loop of henle.
V= vasa recta *capillary loop that parallels nephron loops. Helps with ion & water exchange.*
27
Describe distal convoluted tubule.
-continues from thick ascending loop of henle -cuboidal -no microvilli or BB -cortex only -site of action = aldosterone -specialized chemoreceptor of macula densa
28
Renal cortex with renal corpuscle.
29
Renal cortex with tubules.
30
Describe collecting ducts.
-connect distal convoluted tubule to renal papillae/crest -lumen = primitive urine -cuboidal -site of action = anti diuretic hormone via aquaporin receptors *ex: vasopressin secreted by neurons in hypothalamus = reabsorbs solute free water & returns to circulation -not part of nephron
31
Longitudinal section of collecting ducts.
-principle cells = reabsorb Na & water -intercalated cells participate in acid base balance
32
Describe papillary ducts (renal papillae of canine).
-terminal portion of collecting ducts -empty at area cribrosa (AC) of renal crest or renal papilla -vasa recta = take water passing through collecting & papillary ducts *papilla or renal crest = terminal portion of inner medulla = extends into renal pelvis or calices*
33
Describe the vasculature.
-high blood supply (25%) -terminal artery system *Renal -> interlobar artery -> arcuate artery-> interlobular artery -> intralobular (arcuate) artery* -afferent arteriole > glomerus (capillaries) -efferent arteriole >peritubular capillaries (surround tubules) >vasa recta (surrounds loop of henle) -intralobular vein -interlobular vein -arcuate vein
34
Describe the interstitium.
-more present in inner medulla & sparse in cortex -interstitial cells: fibroblasts, bone marrow derived, lipid laden interstitial cell (stellate shaped) in inner medulla mostly = produce prostaglandin E2
35
Describe lymphatics.
-found in interstitium surrounding intrarenal arteries *kidney has efferent innervation to the smooth muscle of arteries, afferent & efferent arterioles, & descending vasa recta*
36
Describe the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
- DCT association with renal vasculature
37
What are the functions of the kidney?
1. Water & electrolyte homeostasis -filtration of cell waste from blood -selective reabsorption of water & solutes -regulation of fluid balance -maintain electrolyte homeostasis/acid base balance 2. Excretion of toxic metabolite waste products & excess water 3. Production of hormones = renin & erythropoietin *endothelial cells of cortical peritubular capillaries* (stimulates production of RBCs) 4. Regulate BP = juxtaglomerular apparatus 5. Activate endogenous Vit D (calcitriol, active form) >skin - liver - kidney
38
Describe the JG apparatus.
1) macula densa = chemoreceptors that sense Na concentrations in filtrate (Na chemoreceptors) 2) modified smooth muscle = JG cells of afferent & efferent arteriole. -Detect variations in BP (baroreceptors) -secrete renin into vessel lumen in response to low Na in filtrate & low BP
39
Describe the JG apparatus & BP.
40
Labeled renal corpuscle picture.
41
What are the 4 layers of tubular organs?
1. Mucosa -lamina mucosa/epithelium -LP -lamina muscularis 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis 4. Serosa/adventitia *NO lamina muscularis if 3 layers only*
42
Describe the ureters.
-urine from renal pelvis to bladder -tunica mucosa = urothelium (transitional epithelium) U -tunica submucosa = LP *no lamina muscularis* -tunica muscularis M >3 layers of smooth muscle >outer & inner longitudinal >middle circular layer >autonomic innervation = peristalsis -tunica adventitia
43
Describe the urinary bladder.
-tunica mucosa = urothelium >LP >lamina muscularis -tunica submucosa -tunica muscularis >outer & inner longitudinal >middle circular layer *smooth muscle (detrusor muscle) *skeletal muscle = sphincter near urethra -tunica serosa/adventitia
44
Horse urinary bladder picture.
Glands in the horse (g)
45
Bulging cells of transitional epithelium. (Picture)
LPM = lamina propria mucosae
46
Male dog urethra & prostate. (Picture)
-urothelium proximal -squamous distal -accessory sex gland -mucous glands MALE: -vascular stratum (corpus spongiosum) -tunica muscularis/urethral sphincter >smooth muscle proximal >skeletal distal FEMALE: shorter (more bacterial infection)
47
Describe renal development.
-pronephros - regresses in mammals -mesonephros >forms nephron that secrete fluid into amnion (regresses later) >mesonephric duct (wolffian duct) = retained in males = forms Epididymus, vas deferens, seminal vesicles - metanephros
48
Describe the metanephros.
1. Ureteric bud - outgrowth of mesonephric duct 2. Collecting tubules form, bifurcate = nephrons begin to develop 3. Metanephros duct becomes ureter *urinary bladder & urethra are derived from endoderm*

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