Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Micro > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

(56 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Describe the ectoderm.

A

-lens
-outer epithelium of cornea
-epithelium of palpebrae (eyelid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the mesoderm.

A

-corneal stroma
-sclera
-extraocular m
-ciliary m
-tunica vasculosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe neuroectoderm.

A

-of diencephalon = forms optic cup that is connected by the optic stalk
-optic cup (2 layers) = retina + pigment epithelium
-optic stalk -> optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the eyeball.

A

located in the orbit (bony socket of skull)
-lens
-3 layers
>outer fibrous tunic
>middle vascular (uveal) tunic
>inner retinal (neuroepithelial) tunic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the adnexa.

A

accessory ocular structures
-palpebrae (eyelid)
-3rd eyelid & conjuctiva
-lacrimal apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the 3 tunics of the eye.

A
  1. Fibrous
    -sclera
    -cornea
    -limbus
  2. Vascular
    -iridocorneal angle
    -iris
    -ciliary body
    -choroid
  3. Neuroepithelial (retinal)
    -pigmented
    -neural layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe sclera.

A
  1. Sclera
    -posterior portion of eye
    -white opaque layer
    >dense irregular CT

FUNCTIONS:
-protection
-shape
-insertion point for tendon of extraocular muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe Cornea.

A

-anterior portion
-avascular
-transparent
-supplied by sensory nerves (CN V)
-regen
-5 layers

Bulging top
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the 5 layers of the cornea.

A
  1. ae= anterior epithelium
  2. Anterior limiting lamina/subepithelial BM (supports lining epithelium)
  3. sp= substantia propria - corneal stroma (type 1 collagen)
  4. pl= posterior limiting membrane
    = Descemet’s membrane (supports endothelium)
  5. pe= posterior epithelium = corneal
    endothelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rat cornea picture.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the factors contributing to corneal transparency?

A
  1. Avascular
  2. Collagen
  3. Proteoglycans between collagen
  4. Na/K ATPase & carbonic anhydrase = pumps water out (located in anterior & posterior corneal epithelium)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Clinical relevance of cornea.

A

Corneal ulcers destroy the epithelium, stroma, & descemets membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe Limbus.

A

-corneosclera junction
-where the sclera overlaps the cornea
-nutrition for cornea = micro vasculature of limbus & aqueous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the corneoscleral junction (CSJ) of the limbus.

A

-(S) = limbus
-epithelium of limbus is continuous with the conjunctiva (C) that lines the eyelids
-(I) = iris
-(AC) = anterior chamber
-(PC) = posterior chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vascular Tunic (picture).

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the iris.

A
  1. Stroma
    -pigmented
    -loose CT
    -iridial melanin = determines eye color
  2. Dilatory & sphincter pupillae m
  3. Posterior epithelium
    -iridic granules (corpora nigra) = in equine & ruminants at pupillary margins
  4. Iridcorneal angle (filtration/drainage)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Iris (picture).

A

AC = anterior chamber
PC = posterior chamber
CP = constrictor pupillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe albinism.

A

-melanocytes present but no genes for tyrosinase
-red color of eyes due to RBCs
-lack of melanin pigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe iridocorneal angle.

A

-convergence of corneoscleral junction (limbus), ciliary body, & iris
-composed of:
>pectinate lig
>trabecular network
>trabecular (aqueous) veins
-draining point for aqueous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the ciliary body.

A

-anterior expansion of choroid at level of the lens
-mechanical & secretory
-ciliary muscle
>sm muscle
>contracts during accommodation, reduces tension of zonal at fibers of lens
>loose CT (elastic fibers, vessels, melanocytes)
>CN III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the ciliary processes.

A

-base of iris
-epithelial surface
>2 layers of columnar
>nonpigmented - ion transport forming aqueous humor
>pigmented - BM extends to form zonular fibers that suspend the lens

Next to red.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ciliary process & body picture.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Closer picture of ciliary process.

24
Q

Ciliary process picture.

25
Ciliary body picture.
SL = suspensory lig ICA = iridocorneal angle CB = ciliary body
26
What is the aqueous humor?
-anterior & posterior chamber -nourish cornea & lens (glucose rich) -maintain intraocular pressure -formed by nonpigmented cells of ciliary process -constant drain required at iridocorneal angle
27
What is the drainage pathway of aqueous humor?
Posterior -> pupil -> anterior -> iridocorneal angle -> pectinate lig -> scleral venous plexus
28
Describe the choroid.
-vascular -nutrition for retina -anterior = continuous w stroma of ciliary body -external = connected to sclera -internal = connected to retinal pigmented epithelium -internal to vascular layer = tapetum lucidum
29
Choroid picture.
30
Choroid picture with tapetum lucidum.
31
Describe the 3 parts of the retina.
1. Sensory/optical -contacts choroid 2. Nonsensory/ciliary -inner nonpigmented -outer pigmented ciliary epithelium 3. Nonsensory/iridal -posterior pigmented epithelium
32
What nourishes the retina?
-vessels of choroid -retinal vessels entering via optic disk
33
Retina layer picture.
34
Retina & chorid picture.
Retina = nerve tissue & cells are ‘nerve cells’
35
Describe the sensory/optical retina layer.
-send visual image to brain -10 layers -held in place by vitreous body -combined nerve fiber layer converge on optic disk to form optic nerve
36
Describe the general concept of optical retina. (3 neurons in succession)
1. Light passes through layers of retina & stimulates photoreceptor cells (rods & cones). 2. Impulse is passed to bipolar neurons & then to ganglion cells. 3. Axons of ganglion cells form nerve fiber layer. These layers converge at optic disk (papilla) & leave eye as CN II. Additional cells: -amacrine = interneurons -horizontal = regulate input from photoreceptors -muller = glial cells
37
Describe the path of light & visual perception.
Path of light: Tear film -> cornea -> aqueous humor -> pupil -> lens -> vitreous humor -> 8 layers of retina -> photoreceptors -> absorbed by retinal epithelium Visual perception: Visual impulse passes in reverse order from photoreceptor -> bipolar -> ganglion -> optic nerve -> brain
38
Describe the retinal pigmented epithelium.
-outermost layer -flat, polygonal cells resting on BM FUNCTIONS: -transport nutrients & metabolites to photoreceptor cells -light absorption -phagocytosis
39
Describe the photoreceptor layer.
*rods & cones have outer & inner segments connected through cilium* RODS: -inner segment = long & thin -flattened membranous disks >pigment ‘rhodopsin’ (vit A) = vision in dim light -120mil/retina CONES: -inner segment = broad base -disks have ‘iodopsin’ = vision in bright light & color -60mil/retina
40
Fovea picture.
41
Optic nerve picture.
42
What is a Fundic exam?
Clinical method to evaluate retina.
43
Describe the vitreous body.
-refractive media -space between lens & retina (4/5th of eyeball) -99% water -rich in HCl Acid -gel cortex & liquid center -maintains shape & retinal apposition -gelatinous, colorless, viscous fluid
44
Describe the lens.
-refractive media -surrounded by capsule (thick on anterior) -suspended by zonular fibers from ciliary processes -lose vascular supply after development 1. anterior epithelium >simple cuboidal >apical towards lens >@ equator = elongate & differentiate into lens fibers 2. lens fibers >prism shaped >lack nuclei >interdigitate >gap junctions (transparent) >differentiation & growth of lens
45
Ciliary process picture with zonular fibers.
46
Lens capsule picture.
47
Lens fibers picture.
48
Differentiating & mature lens fibers picture.
*lack nucleus & organelles when mature*
49
Describe conjuctiva.
pseudostratified columnar or transitional epithelium that becomes stratified squamous near eyelid [anemia detected by observation of mucous membrane = conjuctiva & 3rd eyelid]
50
Describe the eyelid (palpebra/blepharon).
-conjunctiva -cilia (eyelash) -tarsal (meibomian) glands - sebaceous -3rd eyelid (nictitating membrane) -lacrimal (tear) apparatus >lacrimal glands >lacrimal sac >nasolacrimal duct
51
Conjuctiva picture.
Ce = conjunctival epithelium G = goblet cells (palpebral conj) Lp = lamina propria
52
Eyelid (palpebra) picture.
53
Describe the 3rd eyelid (nictitating membrane).
-protect eye by removing foreign material -fold of conjuctiva formed by hyaline cartilage in ruminants & dogs & elastic cartilage in horse, pig, cat -lined by conjunctiva -aggregated lymphoid nodules located under conjunctival surface -lacrimal gland = 30-50% of aqueous portion of tear film via multiple small ductules
54
Describe lacrimal glands.
-tear film -moisturizes, lubricates, protects eye -tubuloalveolar seromucinous acini (A) = secretory cells filled with small granules -myoepithelial cells (M) at base
55
Describe the tear film layers.
1. Oily -produced by meibomian (tarsal) gland -superficial layer 2. Aqueous -sero-mucous produced by lacrimal gland 3. Mucous -produced by goblet cells in conjuctiva
56
Describe pecten in birds.
-special adaptation -cartilage in sclera & ossicles -bird & reptiles = pectin >vascular structure that extends from optic disc to vitreous body = nourish inner eye & retina

Micro (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions