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Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

saliva contains

A

salivary amylase
lingual lipase
antimicrobial agents
lysozyme
bicarbonate ions
mucin

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2
Q

salivary amylase function

A

begins chemical breakdown of polysaccharides into simple sugars

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3
Q

lingual lipase function

A

begins the breakdown of fats

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4
Q

lysozyme function

A

enzyme that works together with immunoglobulin A to break down cell walls of many bacteria

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5
Q

bicarbonate ion function

A

help saliva maintain pH that is optimal for salivary enzymes as well as other ions

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6
Q

mucin function

A

protein that helps to form gel-like coating that lubricates the bolus of food

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7
Q

esophagus is

A

25 cm tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach

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8
Q

esophagus function

A

passageway for food

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9
Q

esophagus secretes

A

mucus to aid in the transport of food

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10
Q

esophagus walls

A

4
mucosa
submucosa
muscular externa
adventitia

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11
Q

esophagus upper third composed of

A

skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control

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12
Q

esophagus lower third is

A

entirely smooth muscle

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13
Q

esophageal sphincters

A

one at superior end of esophagus and one at lower end of esophagus

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14
Q

what is the stomach

A

a muscular organ that can stretch to accommodate a high volume of food

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15
Q

what is the primary role of the stomach

A

the storage and mechanical break down of food

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16
Q

inner surface of the stomach

A

Mucosa- is folded into a series of ridges called rugae

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17
Q

rugae

A

series of ridges in the stomach. allow the stomach to expand as it fills with food

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18
Q

food in stomach

A

turns into chyme

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19
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

regulates passage of chyme into the small intestine

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20
Q

mucosa of stomach contains

A

gastric glands which open into numerous gastric pits

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21
Q

what are the 4 types of cells in gastric glands

A

mucous cells
parietal cells
chief cells
endocrine cells

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22
Q

endocrine cell function

A

also known as G-cellls. release hormones such as gastrin into the blood and do not contribute to gastric juices

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23
Q

parietal cell function

A

exocrine gland. secrete intrinsic factor and release hydrochloric acid

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24
Q

intrinsic factor

A

exocrine gland. required for absorption of vitamin B12 in small intestine

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25
hydrochloric acid (HCl) function in stomach
lowers the pH of gastric juice to 1-3
26
why is an acidic environment required
for the activation of pepsinogen
27
chief cells function
secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
28
pepsin function
digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptide chains
29
mucous cell function
secrete bicarbonate-containing mucous to protect the stomach from the acidity and digestive enzymes
30
where does most fat and protein digestion occur
in small intestine
31
where are g cells located
(endocrine cells) at the lowest end of the rugae (tip)
32
where are mucous cells located
lien most of the mucosa
33
chief and parietal cell location
along the mucosa
34
layer of muscularis externa
longitudinal layer circular layer oblique layer- not seen in the rest of the alimentary canal
35
stomach location
left superior region of the abdomen
36
gastroesophageal sphincter
found at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach. helps to prevent acid reflux of acidic contents
37
4 main parts of stomach
cardiac region fundus body pylorus
38
cardiac region function
area where foo dis emptied into the stomach
39
fundus function
most superior region of the stomach
40
body function
largest, most centrakregion of the stomach. curves towards the right to form a "J" with the lesser curvature and the greater curvature.
41
pylorus function
funnel shaped region in the stomach. wider end- pyloric antrum narrow end- pyloric canal
42
pyloric sphincter
value that regulates the release of small amounts of chyme into the small intestine.
43
liver function
*acts as accessory organ by performing many functions such as the production of bile, nutrient metabolism, and detoxification. *regulates blood glucose concentration. *breaks down exogenous compounds such as drugs and alcohol.
44
how many lobes does the liver have
4
45
what is the primary digestive function of the liver
synthesis of bile
46
bile description
yellow-green solution that includes: bile salts pigments (mainly BILIRUBIN from the breakdown hemoglobin) cholesterol electrolytes
47
bile function in digestive system
bile salts are what plays a role in digestion. Bile salts mechanically by emulsifying fats into smaller globules called micelles. Enhances the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K
48
micelles function
can be acted in by lipases in the small intestine
49
where is bile stored
stored and concentrated in the gallbladder
50
liver cell function
synthesize bile salts from cholesterol
51
what causes bile to be squeezed out of the bile duct
hormone called CCK (chloecystokinin) signals gallbladder to contract and bile to be squeezed into common bile duct when food enters the small intestine
52
where does the bile duct join with the pancreatic duct
at the hepatopancreatic ampulla or ampula of vater.
53
how does bile spill into the the duodenum
via duodenal papilla. it can also flow directly from the liver to dueodenum
54
what is ammonia converted into in the liver
urea and excreted by the kidneys
55
what happens in cases of prolonged fasting
the liver can produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like proteins and fats.
56
where does blood from digestive tract enter the liver
through the hepatic portal vein
57
what happens if blood sugar is too high
liver polymerizes glucose to form glycogen in process called glycogenisis
58
what happens in liver if blood sugar is too low
liver cells break down stored glycogen and release glucose monomers in the process called glycogenolysis
59
what is glysogenisis
when liver polymerizes glucose to form glycogen
60
what is glycogenolysis
when liver cells breakdown stored glycogen and release glucose monomers
61
what is gluconeogenesis
the process of the liver producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like proteins and fats
62
pepsin function
begins the breakdown of proteins
63
cholinesterase function
begins the breakdown of acetylcholine
64
what would happen if the parietal cells were unable to secrete substances into the gastric gland
parietal cells would not secrete corrosive HCl, pepsinogen could not be converted to pepsin, pepsin would not form, dietary proteins would remain undigested.
65
enteroendocrine cells produce
gastrin
66
what is gastrin
a local hormone that is vital for regulating digestive activities in the stomach
67
what does gastrin do
stimulates the release of gastric juices and emptying of the stomach
68
chief cell function
responsible for producing inactive protein-digusting enzymes called pepsinogens
69
structural components of lipids
glycerol and fatty acids
70
how does pepsin aid in the digestion of proteins
by severing the peptide bonds that join amino acids into long chains

TEAS (28 decks)

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