Digestive system Flashcards
1
Q
Physical and chemical breakdown of feeds as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract.
A
Digestion
2
Q
Physical reduction of particle size
A
Mastication
3
Q
Act of swallowing
A
Deglutition
4
Q
Bringing of swallowed food up again to the mouth
A
Regurgitation
5
Q
Major Structures
A
oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestines
large intestines
6
Q
Accessory Organs
A
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
salivary glands
7
Q
Prominent transverse folds of thick mucous membrane covering the hard palate
A
Palatine Rugae
8
Q
Used primarily for grinding food and mixing it with saliva, but may also serve as a prehensile organ (grasping mechanism and as a defensive and offensive weapon).
A
Mouth
9
Q
Protrudes above the gum line
A
Crown
10
Q
Part found at the gum line
A
Neck
11
Q
Embedded in the tooth socket
A
Root
12
Q
Teeth that present at birth
A
Temporary or milk teeth
13
Q
Teeth that persist throughout
A
Adult teeth
14
Q
Carnivores, omnivores and incisors of ruminants; possess crown, neck and root; grown to adult size; wear away without further growth, and no eruption to compensate for the wear
A
True teeth
15
Q
All domestic animals also are
A
diphyodont
16
Q
Tushes of pig and incisor teeth of rodents; do not possess a definite neck or root; grow from persistent active pulp
A
Constantly growing teeth
17
Q
Entire dentition of equine and cheek teeth of ruminants; possesses extremely long root and no definite neck; filling in of bone pushes the teeth out of the socket to compensate for the wear.
A
Constantly erupting teeth
18
Q
Cutting teeth – nippers
A
Incisors
19
Q
Tearing or seizing teeth – holding teeth
A
Canines
20
Q
Grinding or shearing teeth
A
Premolars and molars
21
Q
All teeth are similar
A
Homodont dentition
22
Q
All teeth have gone differentiation – incisors, canine, molars, premolars
A
Heterodont dentition
23
Q
When several primitive cones come together to form one tooth –cheek teeth of the pig
A
Bunodont dentition
24
Q
When the cones become ridges – cheek teeth of the horse
A
Lophodont dentition
25
When the ridges becomes sharp – cheek teeth of ox
Selenodont dentition
26
When the enamel of the tooth is restricted to the crown – teeth of dog ( short crowned teeth)
Brachydont dentition
27
When much of the crown is embedded in the gum – cheek teeth of horse.
Hypsodont dentition
28
Divided into a free apex at the rostral end, a meaty body, and a caudal root adjacent to the pharynx
Tongue
29
Found in all domestic animals
Filiform, fungiform, and vallate papillae
30
Present in the horse, pig, and dog, but not in ruminants
Foliate papillae
31
Do not bear taste but all other types of papillae do.
Filiform and conical papillae
32
Most numerous of the lingual papillae; fine, small, coneshaped papillae (hair-like) covering most of the dorsum of the tongue
Filiform papillae
33
Club shaped projections; scattered amongst the filiform papillae; have taste buds
Fungiform papillae
34
Short vertical folds; appear as a series of red colored, leaf–like ridges of mucosa; bear many taste buds
Foliate papillae
35
Are dome-shaped; large, circular projections surrounded by a deep groove; with taste buds
Circumvallate papillae (or vallate papillae)
36
One of the sparsely scattered elevations on the tongue, often considered to be modified filiform papillae
Conical papilla
37
The common passage for food and air, is caudal to oral and nasal cavities, and is lined by mucous membrane and surrounded by muscles
Pharynx
38
3 parts of pharynx
NASOPHARYNX
OROPHARYNX
LARYNGOPHARYNX
39
A muscular tube extending
from the pharynx to the
stomach just caudal to the diaphragm
Esophagus
40
3 parts of esophagus
cervical
horacic
abdominal
41
Has voluntary as far as the base of the heart
Has a well marked cardiac sphincter, vomiting in horse is extremely rare, it is the only domestic animal in which acute gastric dilatation can occur to the point of rupture of the stomach wall without vomiting.
Horse
42
Has easily dilatable and voluntary throughout
Ox/sheep
43
Has voluntary until the last few inches near the cardia
Pig
44
Has voluntary throughout
Dog
45
Vomit easily
Carnivores and omnivores
46
Digestive System Stomach – Nonruminants - 4 layers
Serosa Muscularis Submucosa Mucosa
47
Covers the outer surface of the stomach, continuous with the parietal peritoneum
Serosa
48
Muscularis – 3 layers of smooth muscle
Outer longitudinal muscle, Middle circular muscle, Internal oblique muscle
49
Contains vessels and nerves
Submucosa
50
Mucosa – 2 parts
Esophageal part
Glandular part
51
contains gastric glands, divided into 3 regions - Cardiac region – closest to the esophageal region, contains cardiac gland (mucous glands), do not produce enzyme
Glandular part
52
white, no glands, composed of stratified squamous epithelium
Esophageal part
53
Body of the stomach, contains fundic glands (true gastric glands, composed of 3 types of cells, body chief cells, neck chief cells, and parietal cells.
Fundic region
54
Secretes mucus and small amount of proteolytic enzymes, no parietal cells.
Pyloric region – pyloric glands
55
The smaller glandular portion of the stomach in the ruminant.
Abomasum
56
Honey-comb; smallest section; most anterior of the compartments; lies entirely on the left median plane; acts as a liquid reservoir to soften heavy matter in food
Reticulum
57
Paunch; largest part of the adult compound stomach; fermentation vat, an organ of maceration, a site of bacterial digestion and an organ of absorption
Rumen
58
Many plies; grinds food more finely and absorb excess moisture; broad longitudinal folds or leaves reminiscent of the pages in a book; not concern in rumination
Omasum
59
True or glandular stomach; secretes gastric enzymes and hydrochloric acid
Abomasum
60
Anterior end
fundic portion
61
Posterior extension of the fundus
Body
62
Connected to the small intestine
Pyloric
63
Tube connecting the stomach to the cecum and large intestine; suspended from the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity by a fold of peritoneum called great mesentery ; absorption of nutrients from gastric and intestinal digestion occurs;
Small Intestine
64
3 parts of small intestine
duodenum jejunum ileum
65
5% of the total length; s-shaped which contains the pancreas
duodenum
66
90% of the total length; has no distinct demarcation from either the duodenum or the ileum; forms the mesenteric part of the intestine, and generally in the left dorsal position of the abdominal cavity
jejunum
67
4-5% of the total length
ileum
68
Crypt of Lieberkuhn – found throughout the small intestines
Intestinal gland
69
Brunner’s glands – found in the first part of the small intestine; produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion
Duodenal gland
70
Secrete mucus for lubrication and protection
Goblet cells
71
Secrete water and electrolytes
Enterocytes
72
Secrete hormones
Enteroendocrine cells
73
Secrete antimicrobial peptides
Paneth cells
74
Reabsorbs the water and electrolytes
Villi
75
Cul de sac, blind sac situated between the ileum and the great colon; comma-shaped and lies to the right of the median plane ; consist of body, base and apex
Cecum
76
Colon – 3 parts
ascending colon
transverse colon descending colon
77
Forms a short connection that runs transversely from the distal ascending colon to proximal descending colon, running from right to left side of the abdomen.
transverse colon
78
Relatively straight, running caudad on the left side of the abdomen to the pelvic cavity, where it terminates as the rectum.
descending colon
79
Terminal part of the intestine and is found in the pelvic cavity
rectum
80
Terminal part of the alimentary tract, continuous with the skin
Anus
81
Retracts the partial prolapse that the anus undergoes during defecation.
Retractor ani
82
Tethers the liver to the ventral midline
Falciform ligament
83
Spanning between the left kidney and spleen
Renosplenic (nephrosplenic) ligament
84
Connecting the liver and proximal duodenum
Hepatoduodenal ligament
85
Parts of the peritoneum connecting the stomach with other structures.
Omentum
86
Extending from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
lesser omentum
87
Attached to the greater curvature of the stomach (and the comparable portion of the ruminant stomach).
greater omentum
88
Provides digestive enzymes, is a route of excretion of substances which accumulate on the teeth and provides lubricative and also cleansing functions
Salivary Glands
89
Located ventral to the ear in relation to the caudal border of the mandible
Parotid salivary gland
90
Usually located ventral to the parotid gland, just caudal to the mandible.
Mandibular salivary gland
91
Located deep to the mucous membrane along the ventral side of the lateral surface of the tongue near the floor of the mouth.
Sublingual salivary gland
92
Secrete a watery clear fluid
Serous glands
93
Secrete mucus, a viscous material that acts as a protective covering for the surface of mucous membranes
Mucous glands
94
Produces both mucus and serous fluids.
Mixed gland
95
Secretes primarily serous saliva
Parotid salivary gland
96
Glands are classified as mixed glands in domestic farm animals. most of the minor salivary glands have a mucous secretion
Mandibular and sublingual
97
A compound gland; an irregularly lobulated organ that lies adjacent to the proximal duodenum (first loop of the duodenum)
Pancreas
98
Produces sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes, which pass through the pancreatic ducts
exocrine (acinar) portion
99
Consists of isolated groups of pale-staining cells scattered throughout the gland called the pancreatic islets (formerly islets of Langerhans); produce the hormones that pass directly into the bloodstream most notably glucagon and insulin, which are the primary regulators of blood sugar levels.
Endocrine portion
100
Make glucagon, which raises the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood
Alpha cells
101
Make insulin
Beta cells
102
Make somatostatin which inhibits the release of numerous other hormones in the body.
Delta cells
103
Largest gland in the body, constituting 1–2% of total adult body weight.
Situated posterior to the diaphragm and conforms closely to the shape of that structure.
Liver
104
Branch of the celiac artery
Hepatic artery
105
Main trunk of the portal system
Portal vein
106
Enters the posterior vena cava
Hepatic vein
107
Blood enters the liver via
Portal vein
hepatic artery
108
Blood leaves the liver via
Hepatic vein
109
Liver
Functions
§ Bile production and excretion
§ Excretion of bilirubin, cholesterol, hormones, and drugs
§ Metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
§ Enzyme activation
§ Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals
§ Synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin, and clotting factors
§ Blood detoxification and purification
110
All domestic animals except the - have a gallbladder for storage of bile.
horse
111
The morphologic unit of the liver is the
Hepatic lobule
112
In and around the sinusoids are fixed macrophages, which in this location are called
Kupffer cells
113
3 lobes: middle or central, and left lobes; no gallbladder
Equine
114
Not divided into lobes
Bovine
115
5 lobes: left lateral, left central, right central, right lateral, and caudate lobe
Canine
115
4 lobes: right lateral, right medial, left lateral, and left medial
Porcine
116
Longitudinal opening between oral and nasal cavities
choanal cleft
117
The esophagus features a distensible dilation
crop or ingluvies
117
First chamber is the proventriculus or glandular stomach, which provides pepsin and hydrochloric acid for
bipartite stomach:
118
Second chamber, the gizzard (muscular stomach or ventriculus muscularis) - highly keratinized mucosa on the inside, the cuticle, forms a thick, leathery sheet, which is removed during processing for human consumption; has grit
enzymatic digestion
119
Remnant of the embryonic connection to the yolk sac
Meckel’s diverticulum
119
An expanded region of the large intestine that is common to the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts
Cloaca
119
A dilated region that temporarily holds feces
Coprodeum
120
Has openings for the 2 ureter
Urodeum
120
The anus of the bird is often referred
Vent
121
Last portion, houses the male reproductive organ, has the opening of the Bursa of Fabricius
Proctodeum
