Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
Digestive System has a TRACT:
A
○ Oral cavity
○ Esophagus
○ Stomach
○ Small and Large Intestines
○ Salivary glands / other glands of
the pancreas
2
Q
The GI tract is a hollow tube with a lumen and a wall made up of four main layers:
A
○ Mucosa
○ Submucosa
○ Muscularis
○ Serosa
3
Q
With an epithelial lining
A
Mucosa
4
Q
Lamina propria
A
Mucosa
5
Q
Thin layer of smooth muscle which separates the mucosa from the submucosa
A
Muscularis mucosae
6
Q
Allows local movements of mucosa
A
Muscularis mucosae
7
Q
With dense connective tissue
A
Submucosa
8
Q
With Meissner’s plexus
A
Submucosa
9
Q
Submucosal glands
A
Submucosa
10
Q
Muscularis / Muscularis Externa
Composed of smooth muscle cells organized in two sublayers:
A
Internal Sublayer
External Sublayer
11
Q
2 Sublayer
Closer to the lumen
■ Fiber appearance is CIRCULAR
A
Internal Sublayer
12
Q
2 Sublayer
Fiber appearance is LONGITUDINAL
A
External Sublayer
13
Q
Facilitates the contraction of muscularis which mix and
propel luminal contents forward
A
Myenteric (Auerbach) Plexus
14
Q
Enteric nervous system found within walls of entire
A
GI tract
15
Q
Enteric Nervous System
A
Submucosal plexus/ Meissner’s plexus
Myenteric plexus/ Auberbach’s plexus
16
Q
Plexus is composed of
A
Ganglia - collection of neurons
17
Q
Oral Cavity Lining epithelium
A
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
18
Q
resists damage from abrasion (gums and hard palate)
A
Stratified Squamous Keratinized Epithelium
19
Q
seen in the soft palate, cheeks, floor of the mouth, and the pharynx
A
Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinized Epithelium
20
Q
Lips
THICK, NON-KERATINIZED EPITHELIUM
A
Internal Mucous Surface
21
Q
LIPS
Very thin Stratified Squamous Keratinized Epithelium
A
Vermilion Zone
22
Q
LIPS
Area of transition between the skin and oral mucosa
A
Vermilion Zone
23
Q
LIPS
Thin skin with epidermal and dermal layers, sweat glands, and many hair follicles with sebaceous glands
A
Outer Surface
24
Q
Tongue and the Lingual Papillae
Elongated conical shape, HEAVILY KERATINIZED, causing a gray-whitish appearance
A
Filiform Papillae
25
Tongue and the Lingual Papillae
Abundant in number
Filiform Papillae
26
Tongue and the Lingual Papillae
Rough surface
Filiform Papillae
27
Tongue and the Lingual Papillae
Less abundant
Fungiform Papillae
28
Tongue and the Lingual Papillae
LIGHTLY KERATINIZED and interspersed among the filiform papillae
Fungiform Papillae
29
Tongue and the Lingual Papillae
Mushroom-shaped with wellvascularized and innervated
cores of lamina propria
Fungiform Papillae
30
Tongue and the Lingual Papillae
Consists of parallel ridges on each side of the tongue
Foliate Papillae
31
Tongue and the Lingual Papillae
LARGEST PAPILLAE
Vallate/ Circumvallate Papillae
32
Tongue and the Lingual Papillae
Eight to twelve vallate papillae are aligned at the front of the terminal sulcus
Vallate/Circumvallate Papillae
33
Ovoid structures within the Stratified Epithelium on the tongue’s surface
Taste buds
34
250 taste buds are located on the
lateral surfaces of vallate papilla
35
Taste buds location
FUNGIFORM AND FOLIATE PAPILLAE
36
Esophagus
Mucosa → lining epithelium
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS NONKERATINIZED EPITHELIUM
37
Esophagus
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
○ Esophageal glands
Submucosa
38
Esophagus
● Muscularis Externa → depends on location
purely skeletal muscle
Upper Third
39
Esophagus
● Muscularis Externa → depends on location
skeletal muscle + smooth muscle
Middle Third
40
Esophagus
● Muscularis Externa → depends on location
smooth muscle
Lower third
41
Esophagus
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
○ Covered with SEROSA
Adventitia
42
Stomach major regions
Cardia
Pylorus
Fundus
Body
43
Stomach
● MAJOR REGIONS
comprises of simple tubular glands with long pits branching into coiled secretory portions which secretes mucus
Cardia
44
Stomach
● MAJOR REGIONS
funnel-shaped in appearance
Pylorus
45
Stomach
● MAJOR REGIONS
dome shaped in appearance, most superior portion
Fundus
46
Stomach
● MAJOR REGIONS
comprises the majority of the stomach
Body
47
Stomach mucosa lining
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
48
STOMACH
→ DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Submucosa
49
Stomach
→ 3 poorly defined layers:
Muscularis Externa
50
Stomach
Muscularis Externa 3 layers
Outer longitudinal,
middle circular,
innermost oblique
51
Stomach
Loose connective tissues
Serosa
52
Stomach
Covers the stomach
Serosa
53
Stomach
Covered with mesothelium
Serosa
54
Mucous neck cells
Secretory Epithelial Cells
55
Secretory Epithelial Cells
→ FRIED EGG APPEARANCE
Parietal/ Oxyntic cells
56
Function: Production of HYDROCHLORIC ACID, secretion of Intrinsic Factor
Parietal / Oxyntic cells
57
Secretory Epithelial Cells
→ also known as PRINCIPAL CELLS / ZYMOGENIC
CELL
Chief Cells
58
The granules of these cells contain INACTIVE PEPSINOGENS, converting pepsin due to acidic environment
Chief Cells
59
______ is secreted in the fundus,
and in the pylorus, G cells produces gastrin.
Enteroendocrine Cells
SEROTONIN
60
Small intestine segments
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
61
Small intestine mucosa comprises the
plicae circulares
(consisting of the mucosa and submucosa)
62
Small intestine
→ mucosa outgrowths (leaf-like / finger-like in
appearance)
Villi
63
Small intestine segments
appears leaf-like
Duodenum
64
Small intestine segments
appears finger-like
Jejunum
65
Small intestine segments
appears club-shaped
Ileum
66
Tubular glands located in between the
villi
67
Includes _____ cells and ___ ____ cells for all the cell types of the small intestine
Differentiating
Pluripotent stem
68
Small intestine
ABSORPTIVE CELLS, TALL COLUMNAR CELLS
Enterocytes
69
Small intestine
With striated / brush border → which is covered with microvilli
Enterocytes
70
Small intestine
___ is secreted → protects and lubricates the
intestinal lining
Goblet Cells
MUCIN
71
plays a role in INNATE IMMUNITY → regulates the
microenvironment of the intestinal crypts
Paneth Cells
72
SUBMUCOSA
Consists of large clusters of branched tubular mucous glands → BRUNNER’S GLANDS
Duodenum
73
SUBMUCOSA
→ PEYER’S PATCHES - consist of well
developed MALT
Ileum
74
● Internal circular
● Outer longitudinal
● __ ___ is located
in-between (peristalsis occurs)
Muscularis Externa
AUERBACH PLEXUS
75
Absorbs water, electrolytes
Large intestine
76
Undigested food → feces
Large intestine
77
LARGE INTESTINE
Storage of feces prior to defecation
rectum
78
No villi in the mucosa
Rectum
79
RECTUM
→ large sacs in the colonic wall
Haustra
80
RECTUM
→ crescentic folds between haustra
Plicae Semilunaris
81
Large Intestine
MUCOSA
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM WITH GOBLET CELLS
82
Large Intestine
SUBMUCOSA
Dense Irregular connective tissue
83
Large Intestine
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
ICOL
84
Large Intestine
____ in transverse and sigmoid colon
Serosa
85
Large intestine
in ascending and descending colon
Adventitia
86
Large intestine
serosa/adventitia
→ fatty structure
Appendices epiploicae
87
Masses of lymphoid tissue in the lamina
propria and submucosa especially in the young
Appendix
88
Appendix
___ ____ is ABSENT
Teniae Coli
89
Primarily functions as MUCOSA
ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (MALT)
Appendix
90
Anal Canal
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM lining
of the rectum, which is REPLACED by
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
91
Anal Canal
→ the mucosa and submucosa forms several longitudinal folds
ANAL COLUMNS OF MORGAGNI
92
Anal Canal
MUCOSA → UPPER HALF
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
WITH GOBLET CELLS
93
Anal Canal
MUCOSA → LOWER HALF
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS NONKERATINIZING EPITHELIUM
94
Consists of the ANAL COLUMNS OF MORGAGNI
MUCOSA → LOWER HALF
95
MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
Located in each cheek near the ear
Parotid glands
96
MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
Branched acinar glands with exclusively serous acini
Parotid glands
97
MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
Secretes ABUNDANT alpha amylase
Parotid glands
98
MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
Produces ⅔ of all saliva
Submandibular glands
99
MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
Branched tubuloacinar glands, having SEROUS ACINI but with mixed tubuloacinar secretory units
Submandibular glands
100
MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
Secretes lysozymes for hydrolysis of bacterial walls
Submandibular glands
101
MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
Smallest of the major glands
Sublingual glands
102
MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
Branched tubuloacinar glands
Sublingual glands
103
MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
Secretory tubules of mucous cells
predominate, and the main product is MUCUS.
Sublingual glands
104
Comprises of a think capsule
Pancreas
105
Pancreas
___ ___ → drains each acinus, lining
Simple Squamous or LOW CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
INTERcalated Duct
106
Pancreas
Intralobular and Interlobular Ducts lining →
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
107
98% of the parenchyma
SECRETORY ACINI (EXOCRINE PORTION)
108
SECRETORY ACINI (EXOCRINE PORTION)
→ round basal nuclei with many apical granules
Acinar cells
109
SECRETORY ACINI (EXOCRINE PORTION)
→ small, pale staining cells of the intercalated
duct
Centroacinar cells
110
LIVER
→ covered with mesothelium
Glisson’s Capsule
111
LIVER
→ binucleated, eosinophilic epithelial cells with
microvilli
Hepatocytes
112
→ vascular channels between hepatocytes lined by
Sinusoids
FENESTRATED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
113
LIVER
→ Narrow perisinusoidal space
Space of Disse
114
LIVER
→ antigen-presenting cells found within the sinusoid lining
Kupffer Cells / Stellate macrophages
115
LIVER
→ Small lipid droplets which store Vitamin A
Ito Cells / Hepatic Stellate Cells
116
PORTAL TRIAD
→ branch of the portal vein
Venule
117
PORTAL TRIAD
→ branch of the hepatic artery
Arteriole
118
PORTAL TRIAD
Bile Ductules →
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
119
Hollow, pear-shaped organ attached to the lower surface of the liver, capable of storing 30-50 mL of bile that is concentrated during storage
Gallbladder
120
The wall of the gallbladder consists of a
mucosa
121
The wall of the gallbladder consists of a mucosa →
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM and LAMINA PROPRIA
122
a thin muscularis with bundles of muscle fibers oriented in several directions, and an external adventitia or serosa
Gallbladder
123
The lining epithelial cells of the ______ have prominent
mitochondria, microvilli, and large intercellular spaces, all
indicative of cells actively transporting water for concentrating bile.
gallbladder
124
Bile Production and Bile Flow
→ formed from the apical surfaces of hepatocytes
Bile Canaliculi
125
Bile Production and Bile Flow
CANALS OF HERING → consists
of
CHOLANGIOCYTES
126
Bile Production and Bile Flow
→ formed from the Canals of Hering
Bile Ductules
