Cartilage and Bones

Question 1

Tough durable form of connective tissue characterized by an extracellular matrix
(ECM)
with
high
concentration
of
_ & _ interacting with collagen and elastic fibers

Answer 1

Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans

Question 2

The cartilage provides _ and _ with skeletal joints

Answer 2

cushioning and sliding regions

Question 3

The
Chondrocytes
synthesize
and
maintain all ECM components and are
located in matrix cavities called

Answer 3

Lacunae

Question 4

Young
chondrocytes
are
called

Answer 4

Chondroblast

Question 5

BLOOD SUPPLY
All types of cartilage LACK VASCULAR supplies and chondrocytes
receive nutrients by DIFFUSION from capillaries in surrounding
connective tissue called the _

Answer 5

Perichondrium

Question 6

Sheath of dense connective tissue that surrounds
cartilage in most places, forming an interface between the cartilage and the tissues supported by
the cartilage.

Answer 6

Perichondrium

Question 7

Covers the ends of bones in movable joints and
which erodes in the course of arthritic degeneration.

Answer 7

Articular Cartilage

Question 8

LACKS PERICHONDRIUM and is sustained by the
diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the _

Answer 8

synovial fluid

Question 9

Three Main Types of Cartilage (HEF)

Answer 9

Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage

Question 10

Provides smooth, low-friction surfaces in joints; structural support for respiratory tract

Answer 10

Hyaline Cartilage

Question 11

Provides flexible shape and support of soft tissues

Answer 11

Elastic Cartilage

Question 12

Provides cushioning, tensile strength, and resistance to tearing and compression

Answer 12

Fibrocartilage

Question 13

Main locations or examples
Many components of upper respiratory tract; articular ends and epiphyseal plates of long bones; fetal skeleton

Answer 13

Hyaline cartilage

Question 14

External ear, external acoustic meatus, auditory tube; epiglottis and certain other laryngeal cartilages

Answer 14

Elastic Cartilage

Question 15

Intervertebral discs, public symphysis, meniscus and certain other joints; insertions of tendons

Answer 15

Fibrocartilage

Question 16

Most common of the 3 types of cartilage. Homogenous and semitransparent in the
fresh state

Answer 16

Hyaline cartilage

Question 17

Hyaline cartilage cells metabolize glucose mainly by _

Answer 17

Anaerobic glycolysis

Question 18

Similar to hyaline cartilage except
that
it contains an abundant
network of elastic fibers.

Answer 18

Elastic cartilage

Question 19

Elastic cartilage is more _
than hyaline cartilage

Answer 19

flexible

Question 20

The
interaction
of
hyaline
cartilage and dense connective
tissue.

Answer 20

Fibrocartilage

Question 21

Serves as
very
tough, yet
cushioning support tissue for
bone
. There is NO distinct surrounding
perichondrium in fibrocartilage

Answer 21

Fibrocartilage

Question 22

Fibrocartilage is found in

Answer 22

Intervertebral discs, ligaments, public symphsis

Question 23

Elastic cartilage is found in the

Answer 23

Auricle of ear, walls of external auditory canal, epiglottis, upper respiratory tract

Question 24

In adults, hyaline cartilage is located in

Answer 24

• articular surfaces movable joints
• walls larger respiratory passages (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi)

Question 25

Specialized connective tissue composed of calcified extracellular bone matrix

Answer 25

Bone tissue

Question 26

- Main function for mechanical and metabolic functions and provides solid support for the body. ● Protection of vital organs (ex. cranial and thoracic cavities) ● Encloses internal (medullary) cavities containing bone marrow where blood cells are produced. ● Reservoir of calcium, phosphate, and other ions. ● Participates in skeletal muscle contraction and bodily movements. ● Provide solid support for the body

Answer 26

Bone tissue

Question 27

Components of Bone (CEP) a very thin cylindrical space to facilitate the exchanges between osteocytes and blood capillaries.

Answer 27

Canaliculi

Question 28

Components of Bone Layers of connective tissue containing osteogenic cells on the internal surface

Answer 28

Endosteum

Question 29

Components of Bone Layers of connective tissue containing osteogenic cells on the external surface

Answer 29

Periosteum

Question 30

From mesenchymal stem cells ● Produces the organic components of bone matrix: ○ Type 1 Collagen FIbers ○ Proteoglycans ○ Osteonectin → matricellular glycoprotein ● Deposition of the inorganic components

Answer 30

Osteoblasts

Question 31

Forming a single layer of cuboidal cells

Answer 31

Osteoblasts

Question 32

MOST ABUNDANT cells in bone . Detect MECHANICAL LOAD. Detect STRESS or FATIGUE-induced microdamage.

Answer 32

Osteocytes

Question 33

Very large, MULTINUCLEATED, motile cells. Essential for matrix resorption during bone growth and remodeling

Answer 33

Osteoclasts

Question 34

Bone marrow-derived monocytes At the resorption lacunae is the

Answer 34

Howship lacunae

Question 35

About 50% of the dry weight of bone matrix are INORGANIC materials ● Contains _ (most abundant) ● With bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, and sodium ions ● With non-crystalline calcium phosphate

Answer 35

Inorganic bone matrix Hydroxyapatite

Question 36

90% Type I Collagen ● With small proteoglycans ● With _ multiadhesive glycoproteins ● With _ → Calcium binding proteins ● With _ → from matrix vesicles which promotes calcification

Answer 36

Organic bone matrix Osteonectin Osteocalcin Phosphatases

Question 37

"_" ● Dense area near the surface ● 80% of the total bone mass

Answer 37

Compact Bone "Cortical Bone"

Question 38

Also known as immature bone, primary bone, and bundle bone . Newly calcified

Answer 38

Woven Bone

Question 39

“_”, “Spongy Bone” ● Deeper areas with numerous interconnecting cavities ● Comprises 20% of the total bone mass

Answer 39

Cancellous Bone "Trabecular Bone"

Question 40

Also known as Mature Bone / Secondary Bone ● Remodeled from woven bone ● All normal regions of adult bone

Answer 40

Lamellar Bone

Question 41

Osteoblasts differentiate directly from condensed sheets (“membranes”) of embryonic mesenchymal tissue and begin secreting osteoid.

Answer 41

Intramembranous ossification

Question 42

Pre-existing matrix of hyaline cartilage is eroded and invaded by osteoblasts, which then begin osteoid production.

Answer 42

Endochondral ossification

Question 43

Refers to the complex of concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal that contains small blood vessels, nerves, and endosteum . CONSTITUTE MOST of the COMPACT BONE

Answer 43

Osteon (Haversian System)

Question 44

Also called _ cartilage ● Responsible for the growth in length of the bone and disappears upon completion of bone development at adulthood. OBVIOUS in PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

Answer 44

Epiphyseal Growth Plate

Question 45

Epiphyseal Plates (5 Different Zones) RPHCO

Answer 45

Zone of reserve cartilage Zone of proliferation Zone of hypertrophy Zone of calcified cartilage Zone of ossification

Question 46

ZONE Normal or typical hyaline cartilage

Answer 46

Zone of reserve cartilage

Question 47

ZONE Cartilage cells DIVIDE REPEATEDLY and SECRETE more Type II collagen and proteoglycans . Where CHONDROBLASTS are PROLIFERATED.

Answer 47

Zone of proliferation

Question 48

ZONE the matrix appears condensed With swollen, terminally differentiated chondrocytes which compress the matrix into aligned spicules and stiffen it by SECRETION OF TYPE X collagen.

Answer 48

Zone of hypertrophy

Question 49

ZONE Promotes VASCULARIZATION from the adjacent primary ossification center.

Answer 49

Zone of hypertrophy

Question 50

ZONE An IMPORTANT LAYER where CHONDROCYTES DISAPPEAR

Answer 50

Zone of calcified cartilage

Question 51

ZONE Chondrocytes about to undergo APOPTOSIS release matrix vesicles and OSTEOCALCIN to begin matrix calcification by the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals.

Answer 51

Zone of calcified cartilage

Question 52

ZONE Where BLOOD VESSELS and osteoblasts infiltrate

Answer 52

Zone of ossification

Question 53

ZONE CAPILLARIES and OSTEOPROGENITOR cells invade the now vacant chondrocyte lacunae, then merge to form the initial marrow cavity.

Answer 53

Zone of ossification

Question 54

ZONE Osteoblasts settle in a layer over the spicules of calcified cartilage matrix and secrete osteoid which becomes woven bone, then remodeled as lamellar bone.

Answer 54

Zone of ossification

Question 55

Places where bones meet, or ARTICULATE, allowing at least the potential for bending or movement in that portion of the skeleton.

Answer 55

Joints

Question 56

Joints with very limited or no movement are classified collectively as _ and freely mobile joints are called _.

Answer 56

Synarthroses Diarthroses

Question 57

synarthroses in the vertebral column which cushion adjacent vertebrae.

Answer 57

Intervertebral discs

Question 58

Each intervertebral disc consists of a thick outer layer of fibrocartilage forming a tough ANNULUS FIBROSUS and a shock-absorbing inner, gel-like core, the _

Answer 58

Nucleus pulposus

Question 59

Have a joint cavity filled with lubricant synovial fluid, enclosed within a tough, fibrous ARTICULAR CAPSULE; ends of the bones involved are covered with hyaline ARTICULAR CARTILAGE.

Answer 59

Diarthroses

Question 60

SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE LINES the capsule, with folds extended into some areas of the joint cavity.

Answer 60

Diarthroses