Digestive System Flashcards by Katelyn Odom

Upper surface of the tongue

Dorsum

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Highly vascular tissues under the tongue

Sublingual surface

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Band of tissue under the tongue

Lingual frenum

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Structures that surround, support, and are attaches to the teeth.

Periodontium

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Area of space between a tooth and the surrounding gingiva (which surrounds the neck of the tooth)

Sulcus

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Joining of the maxillary and mandibular arches

Temporomandibular joints (TMJ)

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Glands
What are the ducts inside the cheek?
What are the ducts that are located on the floor of the mouth under the tongue?
What are the ducts that are located on the floor of the mouth near the mandible?

Parotid glands
Sublingual glands
Submandibular glands

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Muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach. Relaxes during swallowing to allow food to enter the stomach. Normally opens to allow the flow of food into the stomach. Closes to prevent the stomach contents from regurgitating.

lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)

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Building up of body cells or substances from nutrients.

Anabolism

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Breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and CO2

Catabolism

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Specialized structures of the lymphatic system. Absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins that cannot be transported directly by the bloodstream. Transport these nutrients via lymphatic vessels.

Lacteals

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Rumbling noise; movement of gas in the intestine

Borborygmus

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What do the following word parts mean?
an/o
chol/e
cholecyst/o
lithiasis

anus, ring
bile, gall
gallbladder
presence of stones

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Gray-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth; associated with stress, certain foods, or fever

Canker sores (aphthous ulcers)

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Inflammation of lips; crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth

Cheilitis (cheilosis)

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Usually benign lesion (sore); develops on the tongue or inside the cheek

Leukoplakia

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Inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth

Stomatitis

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Fungal infection in the mouth caused by Candid albicans

Oral thrush

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Involuntary grinding of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep

Bruxism

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Tooth decay or a cavity. Caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth

Dental caries

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Means without teeth. Describes the situation after natural permanent teeth have been lost.

Edentulous

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Bd breath. Unpleasant odor coming from the mouth. Can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders

Halitosis

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Any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth

Malocclusion

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Tartar. Dental plaque that has calcified (hardened) on the teeth

Dental calculus

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Trench mouth. Inflammation, bleeding, deep ulceration, and the death of gum tissue caused by abnormal growth of bacteria.

Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

Difficulty in swallowing

Dysphagia

Chronic immune system disease in which eosinophils builds up in the esophagus

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)

Upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure.

Barrett's esophagus

Heartburn. Burning sensation in the chest. Return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus.

Pyrosis

Enlarged swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus. Can cause severe bleeding if one of these veins ruptures

Esophageal varices

A portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm

Hiatal hernia

Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines

Gastroenteritis

Gastric motility slows down causing delayed gastric emptying

Gastroparesis

Sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system

Peptic ulcer disease

Peptic ulcers that occur in the stomach

Gastric ulcers

Complication of a peptic ulcer. The ulcers erode through the entire thickness of the organ wall.

Perforated ulcers

Loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease

Anorexia

Physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass

Cachexia

When an infant or child does not grow as expected

Failure to thrive (FTT)

Excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking

Aerophagia

Indigestion. Pain or discomfort during the digestion process

Dyspepsia

Vomiting. Reflex ejection of the stomach contents outward through the mouth

Emesis

Act of belching or raising gas orally from the mouth

Eructation

vomiting of coagulated blood

hematemesis

Extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration

Hyperemesis

Autoimmune disease. Severe reaction to ingesting gluten.

Celiac disease

Non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Digestive distress related to gluten

Gluten intolerance

Inability to digest dairy; absence of the enzyme lactase

Lactose intolerance

Colon cancer. Often first manifests in polyps in the colon

Colorectal carcinoma

Chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula, or sacs, formed in weak spots of the colon wall

Diverticulosis

Inflammation or injection of one or more diverticulum in the colon

Diverticulitis

Inflammation of the small intestine caused by ingesting viral or bacterial pathogens; causes diarrhea

Enteritis

Part of the large intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood

Ischemic colitis

Partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine

Ileus

Intermittent cramping and abdominal pain, accompanied by constipation or diarrhea; unknown cause

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

General name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling of the intestines. Two most common are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Tend to occur at intervals; flares alternating with periods of remission

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers

Ulcerative colitis (UC)

Autoimmune disorder; can occur anywhere in the digestive tract. Generally penetrates every layer of tissue in the affected area. Most common complication is blockage of the intestine.

Crohn's disease

Blood flow to a segment f the intestine is blocked

Strangulating obstruction

Twisting of the intestine on itself, causing an obstruction

Volvulus

Intestine is constricted inside a hernia

Strangulated hernia

C. diff common bacterial infection is also known as..

Clostridium difficile

Bacterial infection, spread by food or water contaminated by human feces

Dysentery

Cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slop near/through the anal opening

Hemorrhoids

Bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina

Rectocele

Presence of bright red blood in the stool

Hematochezia

In contrast to hematochezia, is the passage of black, tarry, foul-smelling stool

Melena

Presence of excess fat in the stool

Steatorrhea

Serous fluid accumulation in peritoneal cavity

Ascites

Abnormal enlargement of the liver

Hepatomegaly

Yellow discoloration; bilirubin in the blood

Jaundice

Liver inflammation; usually a viral infection

Hepatitis

Chronic, degenerative; characterized by scaring. Causes is alcohol abuse or viral hepatitis B or C.

Cirrhosis

accumulation of fat in the liver

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Fatty accumulations plus liv-damaging inflammation

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

Acute inflammation of the bile duct. Characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice.

Cholangitis

Gallbladder inflammation, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile.

Cholecystitis

Presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts.

Cholelithiasis

Hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts

gallstone (cholelith)

Pain caused by the passage of a gallstone through the bile duct

Biliary colic

radiographic procedure that uses x-rays to produce a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure within the abdomen

Abdominal computed tomography (CT)

Visualizes internal organs using very high frequency sound waves

Abdominal ultrasound

Radiographic examination of the bile ducts

cholangiography

Endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract.

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

Placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestines

Enema

Radiographic studies of the digestive system

Upper GI series and lower GI series

specimen of feces

Stool tests

can be used to diagnose certain intestinal disorders; named for the gas being tested

Breath test

Visual examination of internal structures using an instrument called an endoscope.

Endoscopy

Tiny video camera swallowed in a capsule; passes through the small intestine, transmitting images of the walls

Capsule endoscopy

Visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon.

Colonoscopy

2 or three-dimensional images of the colon using MRI or CT

Virtual colonoscopy

Fecal occult blood test; laboratory test of hidden blood in test

Hemoccult test

Collect-at-home stool test; DNA testing and screening for hidden blood

Cologuard

Professional examining, cleaning, and polishing of the gums and teeth to remove plaque and tartar

Dental prophylaxis

Treatment of alignment and malocclusion of the teeth and jaw

Orthodontics

Mouth guard worn at night to prevent grinding the teeth

Occlusal splint

Removal of plaque and tartar below the gum line

Scaling and root planning

Removal of diseased gingival tissue

Gingivectomy

Block the enzyme in the stomach wall that produces acid

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI)

Prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting

Antiemetics

Over-the-counter medications that reduce diarrhea symptoms

Antimotility agents

Combat the effects of dehydration

Intravenous fluids (IV)

Electrolytes administered in a liquid preparation to counteract dehydration that can accompany diarrhea, especially in young children

Oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

Stapling the stomach; creates a small pouch. Most common bariatric surgery; not reversible

Gastric bypass

Inflatable band placed around the stomach. Reversible through the removal of the band

Lap-band or adjustable gastric banding

Connects two hollow, or tubular structures

Anastomosis