digestive system

Question 1

Organs of the digestive tract

Answer 1

Mouth
salivary glands
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
gallbladder
pancreas
liver
small intestine ( duodenum, ileum)
large intestine
caecum
colon
rectum
anus

Question 2

How many primary functions of digestive system?

Answer 2

Five

Question 3

What are the primary functions of digestion?

Answer 3

• take food into mouth
  -mastication
• break down food
• absorb into the blood stream
• elimination of waste m

Question 4

Name 2 ruminant foregut fermenters

Answer 4

Cattle and sheep

Question 5

Name a non ruminant foregut fermenter

Answer 5

Marsupials (kangaroo)

Question 6

Name a hind gut fermenter

Answer 6

Horse

Question 7

Name 2 autoenzyme-dependant digesters

Answer 7

Pigs and dogs

Question 8

Name the 3 muscles used in chewing

Answer 8

• masseter
• medial and lateral pterygoid
• temporal

Question 9

what is the mouth’s role in digestion?

Answer 9

• chewing (mechanical digestion)
• saliva production - early stages of digestion

Question 10

what are the three areas in the tongue?

Answer 10

• root
• body
• apex

Question 11

what are the surface projections on the tongue called?

Answer 11

papillae

Question 12

how many groups are the papillae split into?

Answer 12

2

Question 13

what are the names of the two papillae groups?

Answer 13

• mechanical
• gustatory

Question 14

what type of teeth do carnivores tend to have in comparison to herbivores?

Answer 14

sharper rather than flatter

Question 15

what are brachydont teeth?

Answer 15

low crowned teeth

Question 16

what are hypsodont teeth?

Answer 16

high crowned teeth

Question 17

why is the pharynx stretchy?

Answer 17

to allow the bolus to move

Question 18

what does the pharynx do?

Answer 18

directs food and air to help avoid choking during swallowing

Question 19

what is the function of the epiglottis?

Answer 19

helps direct food by blocking the pathway to the trachea

Question 20

where does the oesophagus sit?

Answer 20

dorsal to the trachea

Question 21

what contracts as food travels?

Answer 21

the oral side of the pharynx

Question 22

what relaxes as food travels?

Answer 22

the aboral side of the pharynx

Question 23

where does the stomach sit within the body?

Answer 23

caudal to the left side of the diaphragm

Question 24

what is the layer of smooth muscle in the stomach known as?

Answer 24

tunica musclaris

Question 25

what are the four layers in the stomach known as?

Answer 25

- peritoneum (serosa) - outer layer - muscular - submucosa - mucosa - inner layer

Question 26

what are the names of the 4 regions within the stomach?

Answer 26

- cardiac region - fundic region - oesophageal region - pyloric region

Question 27

what are the names of the 2 sphincters within the stomach?

Answer 27

- cardiac - pyloric

Question 28

what do gastric glands contain?

Answer 28

- surface mucous cells - neck mucous cells - parieral cells - cheif cells - neuroendocrine cells

Question 29

surface mucous cell function

Answer 29

produce mucous to protect epithelium layer

Question 30

neck mucous cell function

Answer 30

mature surface mucous cells

Question 31

parieral cell function

Answer 31

produce hydrochloric acid

Question 32

chief cell function

Answer 32

produce pepsinogen

Question 33

what does pepsinogen help break down?

Answer 33

proteins in polypeptides

Question 34

how is pepsinogen activated?

Answer 34

by acidic environments

Question 35

neuroendocrine cell function

Answer 35

produce hormones

Question 36

name the 4 components of the ruminant stomach

Answer 36

- rumen - reticulum - omasum - abomasum

Question 37

what is the largest component of the ruminant stomach?

Answer 37

the rumen

Question 38

what is inbetween the honeycomb structures within the reticulum?

Answer 38

blunt papillae

Question 39

what is the purpose of the papillae within the reticulum?

Answer 39

collect digesta and other foreign objects

Question 40

why is it dangerous if foreign objects enter the reticulum?

Answer 40

may pierce the muscular area as it contracts, dangerous because close to both diaphragm and heart

Question 41

what type of epithelium is located within the reticulum?

Answer 41

non-glandular, stratified squamous

Question 42

what type of fermentation happens within the reticulum?

Answer 42

microbial fermentation

Question 43

why does microbial fermentation happen within the reticulum?

Answer 43

enzymes for herbivore diet not produced, therefore microbes are needed to break down contents

Question 44

what is within the rumen that catches digesta

Answer 44

muscle folds known as "pillars"

Question 45

what do the pillars in the rumen go on to create?

Answer 45

grooves

Question 46

what are the layers of muscle within the omasum known as?

Answer 46

muscular laminae

Question 47

what covers the muscular laminae in the omasum?

Answer 47

short, sharp papillae

Question 48

what are muscular laminae used for in the omasum?

Answer 48

final grinding down of the digesta

Question 49

what is the only compartment of the ruminant stomach that is glandular?

Answer 49

the abomasum

Question 50

what is secreted by the cardiac, fundic and pyloric regions in the abomasum?

Answer 50

gastric juice and pepsin

Question 51

what is the ruminoreticular groove?

Answer 51

the thickening of the muscle near the oesophagus, creating a channel into the abomasum

Question 52

what happens to the ruminoreticular groove as an animal gets older?

Answer 52

becomes less prominent and less functional

Question 53

functions of the small intestine

Answer 53

- secretion - mixing - further digestion - absorption

Question 54

what are the three sections of the small intestines called?

Answer 54

- duodenum - jejunum - ileum

Question 55

what is included in the internal structure of the small intestine?

Answer 55

- serosa - tunica muscularis - submucosa - muscularis mucosae - mucosa - lymph nodes - intestinal crypts

Question 56

what is in the tunica muscularis within the small intestines that help muscles contract and move digesta?

Answer 56

longitudal and circular layers

Question 57

what are intestinal glands also known as?

Answer 57

crypts

Question 58

how many areas is the large intestines split into?

Answer 58

three

Question 59

what are the names of the areas composing the large intestine?

Answer 59

caecum, colon and rectum

Question 60

how many areas can the colon be split into?

Answer 60

three

Question 61

what are the names of the areas the colon is split into

Answer 61

ascending, transverse and descending