muscles, joints and ligaments

Question 1

what are the three basic types of muscles?

Answer 1

• skeletal
• cardiac
• smooth

Question 2

what happens to muscles during isotonic movement?

Answer 2

they shorten and movement occurs

Question 3

what happens to muscles during isometric movement?

Answer 3

tension in the muscle increases, no movement occurs

Question 4

how many shapes of muscles are there?

Answer 4

4

Question 5

name the 4 muscle shapes

Answer 5

• triangular
• spindle
• flat
• circular

Question 6

where can triangular muscles be found within the body?

Answer 6

shoulder and neck

Question 7

where can spindle muscles be found within the body?

Answer 7

arms and legs

Question 8

where can flat muscles be found within the body?

Answer 8

diaphragm and forehead

Question 9

where can circular muscles be found within the body?

Answer 9

mouth and anus

Question 10

what does the brachiocephalicus muscle do in the horse?

Answer 10

extends the head and neck, helping move the forelimb forward

Question 11

what does the splenius muscle do in the horse?

Answer 11

helps raise and arch the neck

Question 12

what does the trapezius muscle do in the horse?

Answer 12

elevates the scapula

Question 13

what does the rhomboideus muscle do in the horse?

Answer 13

lifts and stabilises the scapula

Question 14

what do the deltoid muscles do in the horse?

Answer 14

flexes the shoulder and lifts the forelimb

Question 15

what do the pectoral muscles do in the horse?

Answer 15

pull the limb towards the body (adduction)

Question 16

what do the suprasinatus and infraspinatus muscles do?

Answer 16

stabilise and extend the shoulder joint

Question 17

what does the latissimus dorsi muscle do in the horse?

Answer 17

draws the limb back and flexes the shoulder

Question 18

what does the longissimus dorsi muscle do in the horse?

Answer 18

supports the spine and is crucial for back movement and strength

Question 19

what do the gluteal muscles (superficial, middle and deep) do in the horse?

Answer 19

extend the hip and are important for propulsion

Question 20

what does the biceps femoris muscle do in the horse?

Answer 20

extends the hip, knee and hock joints

Question 21

what do the quadriceps femoris muscles do in the horse?

Answer 21

extends the stifle (knee) joint

Question 22

name the 4 main tendons in the horse

Answer 22

• superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT)
• deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT)
• common digital extensor tendon
• lateral digital extensor tendon

Question 23

what is the location of the superficial digital flexor tendon in the horse?

Answer 23

runs down the back of the leg, above the knee/hock to the pastern

Question 24

what is the function of the SDFT?

Answer 24

flexes the fetlock and pastern, absorbs shock and supports fetlock joint

Question 25

what is the location of the deep digital flexor tendon?

Answer 25

lies beneath the SDFT and attaches to the coffin bone

Question 26

what joints are freely movable?

Answer 26

synovial joints

Question 27

what joints are immovable or only slightly movable?

Answer 27

fibrous joints

Question 28

what joints are slightly movable?

Answer 28

cartilaginous joints

Question 29

what synovial joint only moves in the sagittal plane (extension and flexion only)

Answer 29

the fetlock