Digestive System

Question 1

The molecules that make up body fluid and circulate as cytoplasm, and body fluid can be grouped into two major categories:

Answer 1

Inorganic: water, phosphates, hydrogen ions, sodium ions
Organic: carbon bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen

Question 2

What are macromolecules

Answer 2

the raw materials the human body needs to provide energy and perform all cellular functions. Include:
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

Question 3

List main function of carbohydrates and example

Answer 3

• provide materials to build cell membranes
• provide quick energy for use by cells
  Ex: Glucose, frutose, maltose, starch, glycogen, cellulose

Question 4

List main function of lipids and example

Answer 4

*store energy reserves for later use by cells
* cushion and insulate internal organs
* provide materialsto build cell membranes
Ex: Fats, oils, wax

Question 5

List main function of proteins and example

Answer 5

• provide structure and support for blood cells, body tissues, and muscles
  *aid in muscle movements,such as contraction
  *act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions
  in the cells
• provide immunity against infection and disease
  *transport ions in cell membranes
  Ex:insulin, hemoglobin,
  collagen, antibodies,
  enzymes

Question 6

List main function of nucleic acids and example

Answer 6

• contain the organism’s genetic information
• direct the organism’s growth
  Ex: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),
  ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 7

How are macromolecules broken down?

Answer 7

Macromolecules must be broken down before being absorbed by cells. The process is called HYDROLYSIS
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which water breaks macromolecules into smaller molecules.
Enzymes are proteins that speed up reactions such as hydrolysis.

Question 8

What digestive enzyme break down carbohydrate?

Answer 8

-Carbohydrase

Question 9

Carbohydrase Product of break down and Example of enzyme and where it function

Answer 9

Product of break down: Simple sugars
Example of enzyme and where it function: Amylase produced in salivary glands and functions in the mouth

Question 10

What enzyme break down lipids?

Answer 10

Lipase

Question 11

Lipids Product of break down and Example of enzyme and where it function

Answer 11

Product of break down: Fatty acids and glycerols (alcohol)
Example of enzyme and where it function: Pancreatic lipase: produced in the pancreas and functions in small intestines

Question 12

What enzyme breaks down protein?

Answer 12

Protase

Question 13

Protein Product of break down:
Example of enzyme and where it function

Answer 13

Product of break down: Amino acids
Example of enzyme and where it function: Pepsin: produced in the stomach glands and functions in the stomach

Question 14

What enzyme breaks down nucleic acids

Answer 14

Nuclease

Question 15

Nucleic acid Product of break down:
Example of enzyme and where it function

Answer 15

Product of break down: Nucleotides
Example of enzyme and where it function: Pancreatic nuclease: produced in the pancreas and functions in the small intestines

Question 16

What are the 4 ways to obtain food?

Answer 16

1.Filter feeder
2.Fluid feeder
3. Substraight feeder
4. Bulk Feeder

Question 17

Filter Feeder

Answer 17

Aquatic organisms that uses body structure like filter basket to siphon water and gather food

Question 18

Fluid feeder

Answer 18

Suck or lick nutrient rich fluids from plants or animal

Question 19

Substraight feeder

Answer 19

Live in or on their food source and eat their way through it

Question 20

Bulk eater

Answer 20

Ingest large pieces of food

Question 21

4 stages of processing food

Answer 21

1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Elimination

Question 22

Ingestion

Answer 22

the taking in or eating of food

Question 23

Digestion

Answer 23

the breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical processes into molecules small enough for cells to absorb

Question 24

Absorption

Answer 24

the transport of the products of digestion from the digestive system into the circulatory system, which distributes them to the rest of the body

Question 25

Elimination

Answer 25

the removal of undigested solid waste matter from the body

Question 26

The mouth

Answer 26

Salivary glands in the mouth secrete saliva, which begins chemical digestion. The enzyme amylase is released to break down starch into simple sugars. Teeth begin the process of mechanical digestion

Question 27

Esophagus

Answer 27

he bolus is swallowed, entering the esophagus. The epiglottis at the top of the wind pipe (next to the esophagus) closes to ensure the bolus does not enter the lungs. The esophagus transports the bolus to the stomach by wave-like muscular contractions called peristalsis (shown above). Mucus keeps the passage moist.

Question 28

Stomach

Answer 28

The bolus enters the stomach through the esophageal sphincter. The food triggers the secretion of gastric juice–a mixture of salts, enzymes, hydrochloric acid, water, and mucus. Mucus protects the stomach from the acid; the protein enzyme pepsin is secreted in a form that remains inactive until the acid is present, also protecting the stomach. Three layers of muscle fibres contract and relax to physically break food particles down. The food is reduced to chyme (a thick liquid) before it leaves the stomach via the pyloric sphincter.

Question 29

Small intestine

Answer 29

3 parts: Duodenum, Jejunum and ileum.

Question 30

Duodenum

Answer 30

First part of small intestine absorbs nutrients broken down further by enzymes from pancreas and bicarbonate to neutralise stomach acids and bile from gall bladder

Question 31

Jejunum

Answer 31

break down of food, absorb nutrients needed for the body, and get rid of the unnecessary components. Covered in villi

Question 32

Ileum

Answer 32

It has fewer villi than either of the other parts of the small intestine. However, it also absorbs nutrients as it continues to push unabsorbed particles through.

Question 33

Colon

Answer 33

3 parts: cecum, colon, rectum -Reabsords water and maintain body balance of Processing undigested food material such as fiber Storage waste before elimination (feces)

Question 34

Anus

Answer 34

Storage pouchier faces before elimination through anus Pressure on walls of recturm sends signal to brain it is time to poop Anius is a ring of muscles and is the last sphincter

Question 35

Mechanical digestion

Answer 35

Teeth: chewing food into smaller pieces -allow enzymes to access food pieces Stomach: Churn bolus by moving muscles, further breaking it down and propel it to small intestines