Digestive System

Question 1

parts of digestive system

Answer 1

1. parotid gland
2. salivary gland
3. esophagus
4. stomach
5. pancreas
6. large intestine
7. small intestine
8. appendix
   9.. liver
9. gallbladder
10. rectum
11. anus

Question 2

importance of digestions

Answer 2

to consume nutrients and water, which breaks down by chemical and mechanical digestions
- cells use the nutrietns for energy

Question 3

4 components of digestion

Answer 3

1. ingestion: taking in nutrients
2. digestion: breakdown of complex organic molecules into smaller components
3. absorption: taking digested molecules into the cells of digestive tract
4. egestion: removal of waste materials from the body

Question 4

role of mouth

Answer 4

begins digestion (teeth break down food physically) and chewing stimulates the salivary glands in the mouth, which secrete saliva

Question 5

what does saliva do

Answer 5

its a mixture of water, mucus, and amylase (enzyme) to lubricate food and dissolve food particles, also activates taste buds

Question 6

peristalsis

Answer 6

rhythmic contractions that occur when smooth muscles are activated by the bolus stretching walls of esophagus

Question 7

sphincters

Answer 7

circular muscles that regulate the movement of food in and out of the stomach

Question 8

cardiac sphincter

Answer 8

located b/w the stomach and esophagus (and close to the heart), when muscles relax, food enters the stomach

Question 9

stomach

Answer 9

stores food and digests protein
- can store 1,5L of food
- rugae: long ridges on inner layer of stomach

Question 10

rugae

Answer 10

long ridges in the stomach that secrete grastric glands which have gastric juice to help w/ digestion
- pH: 2-3.0

Question 11

gastric juice contains

Answer 11

1. pepsin: begins breakdown of proteins into smaller chains of amino acids
2. hcl: lowers pH in stomach and helps break down food, kills bacteria
3. mucus: protects the stomach lining from acid, mucus is baasic to counter the acid

Question 12

chyme

Answer 12

food that has been acted on by gastric juice and mucus (semiliquid and partially digested)

Question 13

pyloric sphincter

Answer 13

controls the flow of food leaving the stomach and entering small intestine
- located at the end of stomach

Question 14

small intestine

Answer 14

• 2.5cm wide, 7m long
• 3 segments: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
• chemical digestion w/ enzymes from pancreas and liver

Question 15

pancreas

Answer 15

1. prod sodium bicarbonate to neutralize chyme
2. secretes digestive enzymes (pancreatic lypase) to digest fats and glycerol
3. pancreatic amylase breaks down starch into dissacharide maltose

Question 16

liver

Answer 16

produces bile (stored in gallbladder until needed) to digest fat
- stores sugar as glycogen to be broken into smaller sugar for energy used in cellular respiration
- breaks down old rbc to make bile salts
- stores fat soluble vitamins
- detoxifies alcohol

Question 17

bile

Answer 17

an emulsifying agent needed for digestion of fats. leaves gallbladder when duodenum senses food and enters thru bile duct

Question 18

small intestine absorption

Answer 18

• many ciruclar folds to inc surface area
  VILLI: small fingerlike projections which inc surface area about x10, microvilli (threadlike extensions) make up lining of villi
• nutrients absorbed by diffusion
• each villi has a capillary network where materials are absorbed into bloodstream

Question 19

large intestine

Answer 19

• colon, rectum, anal canal
• 1.5m long
• diameter is 2x of the small intesting
• water and salt absorption, and has bacteria to make vitamins b12 and k
• cellulose is indeigestable and adds roughage to diet

Question 20

heartburn

Answer 20

regurgitation of stomach acids, affects the esophagus

Question 21

heartburn symptoms and treatment

Answer 21

burning sensation where the heart is located, can be treated w/ antacids and medication

Question 22

peptic uclers

Answer 22

sore in the stomach lining from protective mucus being weakened or bacterial strain (H. pylori), affects stomach

Question 23

peptic uclers symptoms and treatments

Answer 23

abdominal pain and indigestions, can be treated with antibiotics

Question 24

gallstones

Answer 24

bile combining with cholesterol to form crystals, which move into bile duct and cause blockage, affects gallbladder

Question 25

gallstones symptoms and treatments

Answer 25

abdominal pain, vomiting and nausea, treated with meds and ultrasound shock waves

Question 26

cirrhosis

Answer 26

scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue, caused by alcoholism and hepatits C, affects liver

Question 27

cirrhosis symptoms and treatments

Answer 27

liver failure, treated with surgery (liver transplant)

Question 28

diabetes

Answer 28

glucose cant get to cells for cellular respiration - Type 1: pancreatic cells dont prod insulin - Type 2: pancreas doesnt make enough insulin/properly use it affects pancreas

Question 29

diabetes symptoms and treatments

Answer 29

symptoms vary (can incl frequent urination, unusual thirst) and can be managed with blood monitoring and insulin injections

Question 30

colon cancer

Answer 30

cancer of large intesting, benign polyps that beocme cancerous, affects colon

Question 31

colon cancer symptoms and treatments

Answer 31

abdomincal pain and rectal bleeding, treated with surgery, radiation and chemo if it metasizes

Question 32

chrons disease

Answer 32

inflammation of digestive tract, affects lower intestinal region

Question 33

chrons disease symptoms and treatments

Answer 33

constipation, diharrea, abdonminal pain, bloating - treated with meds and special diets

Question 34

diarrhea

Answer 34

muscles of large intestine pinch too often (perastalsis) for to food to absorb water, food moves too quickly, affects intestines

Question 35

diarrhea symptoms and treatments

Answer 35

feces is liquid or runny, treated with electrolytes and medicaiton

Question 36

consipation

Answer 36

feces doesnt have enough roughage which increases the water absoption, affects colon

Question 37

consipation symptoms and treatments

Answer 37

feces stay in colon for longer than usual and comes out compact and hardened, treated with lots of water and laxitaves

Question 38

hemerroids

Answer 38

swollen/enlarges veins that protrude from rectal/anal lining, caused by low fibre diets and affects rectal and anal lining

Question 39

hemerroids symptoms and treatments

Answer 39

strain in passing feces, treated with OTC creams and baths, increased fibre in diet