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Digestive system Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

peritoneal relationship of LI

A

ascending colon, descending colon and rectum are retroperitoneal
appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon are intraperitoneal
caecum is variable

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2
Q

distinguishing features of the large intestine

A

semilunar plicae –> internal mucosal folds that are not complete circular.

haustra –> one haustrum is bordered by two neighbouring semilunar plicae, because tania are shorter than the length of the large intestine giving rise to sacculations

tenia coli –> 3 band like structures compose of segregated outer longitudinal muscular layer

epiploic appendages –> fat filled peritoneum projecting from right and left borders of the free tania. are more common in transverse and sigmoid colon

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3
Q

tenia coli

A

mesenteric tenia : attached to mesentery
mental ténia : attached to greater momentum
Free tania: is free from any attachment (epiploic appendages attach on its right and left borders)

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4
Q

function of the large intestine

A

reabsorb water and electrolytes and create solid waste

ascending and transverse = involved in reabsorption of water and electrolytes = processing units

descending and sigmoid colon = involved in storage of faeces = storage units

rectum and anu = involved in elimination of faces = elimination units

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5
Q

blood supply of colon and superior rectum

A

appendix, caecum, ascending and transverse colon = superior mesenteric artery and vain

descending and sigmoid colon = inferior artery and vein

superior part of the rectum = superior rectal artery and vein

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6
Q

nerve supply of colon

A

midgut :
SNS = superior mesenteric ganglia and lesser splanchnic nerve
PNS = vagus nerve

hind gut
SNS = inferior mesenteric ganglia and lumbar splanchnic nerve
PNS = pelvic splanchnic nerve

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7
Q

histology of large intestine

A

goblet cells that produce mucous; helps to transport solid content
few absorptive cells (enterocytes) and villi than SI
has straight glands

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8
Q

Rectum

A

begins at S3 and is bout 12 cm long
peritoneum covers the anterior and lateral walls of the superior 1/3 of the rectum
remainder of the rectum is retroperitoneal

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9
Q

transverse folds of rectum

A

support the weight of the rectal content and lessen the urge for defecation

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10
Q

border between the rectum and anal canal

A

anorectal line (upper level of the pelvic diaphragm

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11
Q

line that divides the upper and lower anal canal

A

pectinate (dentate) line

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12
Q

upper anal canal

A

gut derivative (endoderm) and is covered by simple columnar epithelium

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13
Q

lower anal canal

A

ectodermal derivative, covered by stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

bloodd supply of the rectum

A

superior part of the rectum (hindgut) = superior rectal artery (branch of inferior mesenteric artery)

lower part of the rectum develop from the cloaca = middle and inferior rectal arteries (branches of bilateral internal iliac arteries

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15
Q

endocrine glands of pancrea

A

pancreatic islets = islets of langerhans

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16
Q

liver secretion

A

produces bile and drains the bile via bile duct into the mucousal surface of the duodenum

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17
Q

pancreas secretion

A

produces digestive pancreatic juice and drains the juice via pancreatic duct into the duodenum

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18
Q

liver function

A

produces and stores bile, plasma proteins, and anticoagulant substances
is involved in a variety of metabolic activities of nutrients
detoxifies harmful agents

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19
Q

falciform ligament

A

attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

splits cranially into right and left coronary ligaments

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20
Q

round ligament

A

previous umbilical vein is located at the caudal margin of falciform ligament

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21
Q

covering of liver

A

visceral peritoneum = intraperitoneal

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22
Q

coronary ligament of liver

A

formed at the reflection site of the visceral peritoneum fro the liver to the diaphragm
completely surrounds the bare area

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23
Q

four lobes of the liver

A

right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe and quadrate lobe

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24
Q

what separates the caudate and quadrate lobe?

A

porta hepatis

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25
where is gall bladder located?
between quadrate and right lobe
26
what is the ports hepatis?
attachment site of the lesser momentum blood vessels and nerves enter into the liver via ports hepatis
27
lesser omentum
spans between the liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach (hepatogastric ligament) spans between the liver and the duodenum (hepatoduodenal ligament
28
hepatoduodenal ligament
hepatic triad | contains the bile duct, portal vein and hepatic artery proper
29
fetal circulation of liver
has ductus venosus of umbilical vein and umbilical vein so that umbilical blood can bypass the liver umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres ductus venous becomes ligamentum venosum
30
where does liver receive its blood supply from?
portal vein = oxygen poor and nutrient rich from the intestines hepatic artery proper from cell trunk = oxygen rich
31
gall bladder function
stores concentrated bile | has a cystic duct with spiral valve
32
blood supply to the gall bladder
cystic artery in the cystohepatic triangle of calot
33
histology of liver
venous blood from portal vein and arterial blood from hepatic artery mix at the liver capillaries (sinusoids) direction of blood flow and bile flow are inverse
34
liver lobe
hexagonal shape functional unit of the liver separated from other lobules by connective tissue composed of hepatocyte plates, a central vein and liver sinusoids
35
perisinusoidal space
(Disse) portal triads contain a vein, artery and bile duct kupffer cells (macrophages) are found in liver sinusoids space between liver cells and sinusoids are filled with blood plasma that has leaked from the sinusoids contain stellate cells that store fat and vitamin A
36
Pancreas features
retroperitoneal pancreatic enzymes pancreatic juice also contains sodium bicarbonate which neutralised the stomach acid present in chyme hormones insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels and are secreted into the blood stream to enter hepatic portal system
37
five parts of pancreas
uncinate process, head, neck, body and tail
38
pancreatic ducts
major pancreatic duct runs the entire length of pancreas, joins bile duct at major duodenal papilla accessory pancreatic duct enters the duodenum separately into minor duodenal papillae
39
histology of the pancrea
acinus = exocrine part | islets of langerhans = endocrine part
40
origin of pancreas
2 buds | 2 pancreatic duct: accessory duct and main duct
41
blood supply of the pancreas
celiac trunk - splenic artery and gasproduodenal artery superior mesenteric artery - inferior gastroduodenal artery superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal veins
42
innervation of liver and pancrea
``` SNS = greater splanchnic nerves and celiac ganglia PNS = vagus ```
43
venous outflow of liver
hepatic portal vein is formed by superior mesenteric and splenic veins. the inferior mesenteric vein drains into the splenic vein hepatic portal veins drains only unpaired organs
44
portocaval anastomoses
obstruction causes portal hypertension, blood backs up through the portal system, eventually pac through the portocaval anastomoses . they are not able to cope with large amounts of blood and become congested- varicose veins
45
four collateral pathways possible in GI tract
umbilical, oesophageal, anorectal, retroperitoneal
46
daily inflow into GIT
8 litres
47
daily reabsorption though GIT
``` SI = 6 L LI = 1.5L 92L enters) ```
48
division of the digestive system
1. digestive tract - upper = mouth to duodenum - lower = jejunum to anus 2. accessory digestive organs - glands, teeth and tongue
49
four major layers of the gut tube wall
1. mucosa - epithelial lining, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa 2. submucosa 3. muscular externa - circular inner layer - long. outer layer 4. series
50
mesenteries of the foregut vs midgut and hindgut
foregut = ventral and dorsal mesenteries | midgut and handgun = dorsal mesentery only
51
cranial foregut
between oropharyngeal membrane and lung bud | formed by the pharyngeal arches and gives rise to the pharynx
52
caudal foregut
from the lung bud to the liver bud thoracic part become the trachea, lung and oesophagus abdominal part forms the stomach, superior duodenum, liver, gall bladder and pancreas
53
midgut
from the liveried to the 1/3rd of transverse colon
54
esophagus
attached with the hypo pharynx at the level of C6 to with stomach at T10
55
structure of the topography of the esophagus
longitudinal folds
56
three oesophageal constrictions
cricoid cartilage- C6 bifurcation of the trachea- T4 diaphragm at oesophageal hiatus T10
57
microstructure of the esophagus
stratified squamous epithelium oesophageal glands secrete lubricant muscular externa = upper 1/3 is skeletal, lower 2/3 is smooth muscle lacks serosa- adventitia instead
58
oesophageal veins
cervical - inferior thyroid veins thoracic- azygous and hemiazygous veins abdominal part- left gastric veins
59
nerve supply of esophagus
intramural- submucosal and myenteric plexus PNS- vagus nerves SNS- sympathetic chain
60
achalasia
motor disorder of the oesophagus characterised by absence of peristalsis and impaired relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter
61
four parts of the stomach
cardia, funds, body and pyloric region
62
chemical digestion in the stomach
via acids and enzymes- Hcl and pepsin | little absorption of nutrients
63
greater and lesser omentum
lesser- attaches at the lesser curvature to the liver | greater- attache tot eh greater curvature and pancreas
64
cells in stomach wall
parietal cells- produce Hcl chief cells- produce pepsin surface mucous cells produce mucous
65
morphogenesis of the stomach
ventral wall and mesentery grows slower giving rise to lesser curvature dorsal wall grows faster giving rise to the greater curvature stomach rates around its axis 90o clockwise left stomach becomes ventral surface supplied by left vagus nerve right stomach becomes dorsal surface supplied by right vagus nerve
66
what does the falciform ligament contain?
umbilical vein that becomes the ligamentum teres
67
what foes the lesser omentum contain?
vessels of the liver- portal triad
68
what does the gastrosplenic ligament contain?
blood vessels of the stomach that branch from splenic vessels
69
what does the splenorenal ligament contain?
splenic artery and vein
70
what 4 ligaments does the spleen divide the dorsal mesogastrium into?
gastrophrenic, | gastrosplenic, splenorenal and greater omentum
71
artery supply of stomach
left gastric artery from celiac trunk right gastric artery from hepatic artery proper left gastro-mental artery from the splenic artery right gastro-mental artery from the gastro-duodenal artery
72
supply of the funds of stomach
from th short and posterior gastric arteries, branches of the splenic arteries
73
venous drainage of the stomach
left and right gastric vein, left and right gastro-mental veins
74
gastric innervation
intrinsic- submucosal and myenteries PNS- vagus nerves sympathetic- greater splanchnic nerves
75
4 parts of duodenum
superior, descending, horiztonal and ascending
76
function of duodenum
neutralises acids of chyme from stomach
77
superior duodenum ligament
hepatoduodenal ligament
78
duodenojejunal flexure
where duodenum is continuous with the jejunum | supported by the ligament of treitz
79
ligament of treitz
fold containing the suspensory muscle of the duodenum
80
blood supply of the duodenum
celiac trunk- Branches of the gasproduodenal artery :superior pancreaticoduodenal artery superior mesenteric artery: inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
81
drainage of the duodenum
superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal veins
82
ileum
has meckels diverticulum which is located in the distal ileum, around 60-100cm oral wards from the ileocecal valves has peters patches in the terminal ileum
83
functional anatomy of the SI
has circular folds- valves of kerckring has finger like intestinal villi contains microvilli
84
circular folds
plicae circulars increase SA and slow the passage of food duplications of the mucous membrane unlike the folds in the stomachs and LI they are permanent structures appear more prominently in the duodenum and jejunum
85
microvilli
mucosa cells- lined by goblet and enterocytes mikrovilli- located on the luminal surface of the enterocytes lacteals- terminal lymphatic vessels in villi and transport fat metabolites and glucose whereas blood vessels in villi transport protein metabolites
86
density of veins in the GIT
most dense in the SI ---> LI ---> stomach
87
histology of SI
goblet cells enterocytes paneth cells lymph nodes
88
paneth cells
located in crypts and are part of mucosal defence system
89
lymph nodules
located in mucosa for purposes of defence
90
enterocytes
most abundant cells in SI and LI | absorptive cells and contain microvilli on their apical surface
91
muscles of the anterolateral and posetior abdomen
anterolateral: internal oblique, external oblique, transversus abdominus and rectus abdominus posterior: posts major and minor, quadrates lumborum and ilacus
92
rectus sheath
contains anterior and posterior lamina below the arcuate line there is no posterior lamina
93
between the rectus abdominis
tendinous intersections
94
umbilical folds
median umbilical fold contains the remanent of the urachus medial umbilical fold contains the remnants of the umbilical arteries lateral umbilical folds contain the inferior epigastric vessels
95
three types of peritoneal folds
1. mesenteries- planar double layered fold of peritoneum that provide physical attachment to organs that are suspended into body cavities omen- double layered fold of peritoneum, have a net-like structure and connect the stomach to other organs ligaments- frequently connect organs with eachother; hence each momentum can be divided into several ligaments
96
lesser sac
superior wall: diaphragm and caudate lobe of liver anterior wall= lesser momentum, posterior wall of stomach, anterior part of greater momentum posterior wall= posterior part of greater momentum, transverse mesocolon, pancreas left wall= spleen right wall = liver and epiploic foramen
97
greater sac
extends from the diaphragm down to its lowest part in the pelvis (douglas pouch)
98
how do the greater and lesser sac communicate
through the mental foramen
99
fusion of different layers of the dorsal mesentery
the mental bursa decreases in size because the greater omentum fuses
100
supramesocolic compartment
contains the upper digestive organs | transverse mesocolon is the boundary
101
inframesocoloic compartment
contains the lower digestive organs
102
recesses within the supramesocolic compartment
subphrenic space- gap between the diaphragm and liver, divided by the falciform ligament sub hepatic space - gap between the liver and right kidney
103
gutters
right parabolic gutter freely cominucates with the right supramesocolic spaces phrenjicocolic ligament forms a partial barrier between the left parabolic gutter and the left supramesocolic space
104
movement of fluid within the inframesocolic spaces
within the right inframesocolic space is restricted inferiorly by the ileocaecal junction fluid in the larger left inframesocolic space can flow into the pelvic cavity

Anatomy (6 decks)

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