Digestive system II

Question 1

esophagus sphincters

Answer 1

proximal (pharingo-esophageal) UES

distal (gastro-esophagic) LES

Question 2

esophagic muscle

Answer 2

dogs: striated

cats and horses: smooth

Question 3

deglutition

Answer 3

relax UES
primary peristaltic wave
peristaltism secondary to lumen distension
relax LES
cud passes to stomach
both sphincters close

Question 4

esophagic antiperistaltism

Answer 4

belch/burp in bovines

vomit

Question 5

signs of esophagic pathology

Answer 5

dysphagia (difficulty)
odynophagia (pain)
repeated attempts to swallow
ptyalism/sialorrhea
cough
regurgitation

Question 6

differences between vomit and regurgitation

Answer 6

vomit active, rg passive
vomit abdominal contraction, rg no contractions
vomit just or hs after eating, rg hours after eating
vomit digested and acidic, rg non-digested and alkaline
pain only in rg esophagitis

Question 7

painful esophagus disorders

Answer 7

esophagitis
esophagic stenosis
gastroesophageal reflux
neoplasia
foreign bodies

Question 8

non-painful esophagus disorders

Answer 8

megaesophagus
esophageal diverticulum
esophageal fistula

Question 9

gastroesophageal reflux etiology

Answer 9

les disorders
brachy breeds
hernias
gastric emptying disorders

Question 10

common neoplasias of esophagus

Answer 10

leiomyoma
carcinoma
sarcoma

Question 11

the most common cause of regurgitation in dogs

Answer 11

megaesophagus

Question 12

megaesophagus etiology

Answer 12

congenital idiopathic
acquired idiopathic
- sensory innervation defect
-muscular disorders
acquired secondary: myasthenia gravis

Question 13

esophagic diverticulum signs

Answer 13

regurgitation
odynophagia
retching

Question 14

signs of gastric dysfunction

Answer 14

abdominal pain

vomit

Question 15

retch

Answer 15

rhythmical inspirations with closed glottis
neg intrathoracic pressure
positive intra-abdominal pressure
inhibition of peristaltism of proximal gi tract
cardia and LES dilation
retrograde contraction of small bowel and pylorus

Question 16

non-cns vomit centers stimulated by

Answer 16

kidney
uterus
liver 
pancreas
duodenum

Question 17

cns vomit centers stimulated via

Answer 17

emetic substances
hydrocephalus
vestibular centre
acute pain
psychoogical reasons

Question 18

vomit leads to

Answer 18

fluid loss:

• hypovolemia
• DH

electrolyte disturbances:

• hypochloremia
• hypocalemia

proton loss:
-metabolic alkalosis

aspiration pneumonia
reflux esophagitis

Question 19

gastric disorders in monogastrics

Answer 19

gastritis
ulcers
neoplasia
foreign body
gastric retention
gastric torsion

Question 20

acute gastritis etiology in monogastrics

Answer 20

nutritional
coprofagia
NSAIs
chemicals
foreign bodies
infections of other systems

Question 21

chronic gastritis etiology in monogastrics

Answer 21

long term irritation
chronic irritation due to foreign bodies
viral
allergy
chemicals
nephro- or hepatopathy

Question 22

gastric disorder signs in monogastrics

Answer 22

abdominal pain
vomit
appetite loss
diarrhea
pale or yellow mucosa
sialorrhea

Question 23

gastric ulcer producing factors in monogastrics

Answer 23

NSAIs
corticoids 
stress
foreign bodies
mastocytosis

Question 24

gastric ulcer signs in monogastrics

Answer 24

hematemesis
gastric bleeding
pale mucosa melena
anemia
pain
weight loss
perforation leads to death

Question 25

malign gastric neoplasia in monogastrics

Answer 25

adenocarcinoma and lymphosarcoma

Question 26

benign gastric neoplasia in monogastrics

Answer 26

leiomyoma, polyps

Question 27

cat bezoars usually

Answer 27

trichobezoars

Question 28

large animal bezoars usually

Answer 28

fytobezoars

Question 29

gastric retention

Answer 29

impaired gastric emptying in normal time

Question 30

gastric retention etiology in monogastrics

Answer 30

hypomotility | physical obstruction in pylorus

Question 31

gastric retention signs in monogastrics

Answer 31

ejection vomit (digested, long after eating)

Question 32

volvulus

Answer 32

gastric dilation/torsion

Question 33

what happens in volvulus

Answer 33

excessive food intake or food fermentation cause stomach to displace and rotate (90-270 dec). the rotation obstructs blood flow and can lead to necrosis

Question 34

what causes volvulus in dogs

Answer 34

large/giant deep-chested breeds are in risk especially if they eat only 1 a day or drink to much after eating or excercise after eating

Question 35

what are causes of volvulus in equines

Answer 35

high amount of fiber and grain in diet and empty swallowing

Question 36

signs of volvulus

Answer 36

``` abdominal enlargement non-productive vomiting retching ptyalism respiratory impairment and tachycardia weak pulse ```

Question 37

volvulus leads to

Answer 37

arrythmia vascular collapse electrolyte imbalance